Table 2.
Diversity of Snakin/GASA peptides of different plants.
| Name | Uniprot/Gene Locus | Length (aa) | N-Terminal Signal Peptide (aa) |
pI | Origin Species (Common Name) |
Subcellular Localization | Expression | Biological Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snakin-1/StSN1/GSL1 | Q948Z4/EF206292 | 88 | 25 | 8.97 | Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Plasma membrane, nucleus | Particularly high in axillary buds and stems |
Antibacterial and antifungal; Affect ROS and ABA levels; Influence cell division, leaf metabolism and cell wall composition | [33,36,39,40,55,63,64,65] |
| Snakin-2/StSN2/GSL2 | Q93X17 | 104 | 23 | 9.16 | Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Cell wall | High in tubers, flowers and leaves | Antibacterial and Antifungal | [35,38,55] |
| Snakin-3/Protein RSI-1 | XP_006364638 | 96 | 29 | 9.32 | Solanum tuberosum (potato) | nd | Root, stolon, stem | Antibacterial and Antifungal | [55] |
| AtGASA4 | AT5G15230 | 106 | 25 | 9.46 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Cell periphery, Nucleus | In all meristematic regions-in shoots, in flower buds, in primary and lateral roots | Promote lateral root formation; Positively regulate seed size and products; Reduce ROS accumulation | [54,66,67] |
| AtGASA5 | AT3G02885 | 97 | 27 | 9.68 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Cell wall, or extracellular matrix | Root without apex | Suppress GA-induced germination; A regulator of flowering time and stem growth; May be metalloproteins having redox activity | [68,69] |
| AtGASA6 | AT1G74670 | 101 | 23 | 9.01 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Cell periphery, nucleus | Flower, silique, early stage of germinated seeds | Overexpression leads to early flowering; Upregulated by GA | [61] |
| Tomato Snakin-2 | ADR32106 | 104 | 38 | 9.06 | Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | nd | nd | Antibacterial | [70] |
| MsSN-1 | AFE82743 | 91 | 25 | 9.20 | Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) | nd | Higher in leaves than in roots | Antibacterial and Antifungal | [52] |
| Snakin-Z | nd | 31 (incomplete sequence) | nd | 8.76 | Ziziphus jujube (Jujuba) | nd | nd | Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant; having no haemolytic activity | [71] |
| SmGASA4 | CL13560Contig1 | 110 | nd | nd | Salvia miltiorrhiza | nd | nd | Promote flower and root development; Enhance plant resistance to salt, drought; Secondary metabolism biosynthesis | [72] |
| OsGASR1 | BAD67542 | 93 | 27 | 8.77 | Oryza sativa (rice) | Apoplast or cell wall | Strongly expressed in florets, root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM), | Involved in panicle differentiation | [45] |
| OsGASR2 | BAD67543 | 105 | 23 | 8.78 | Oryza sativa (rice) | Apoplast or cell wall | Expressed in both florets and branches, root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM), | Involved in panicle differentiation | [45] |
| OsGSR1 | AAT42201 | 110 | 28 | 9.28 | Oryza sativa (rice) | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus | Expressed prominently in young and actively growing organs | Influence brassinosteroid signaling | [73] |
nd, not determined yet.