Table 1. Clinical and Electrocardiographic Characteristics by Sex.
| Clinical characteristic | Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Female athletes (n = 122) | Male athletes (n = 116) | |
| Age, y | 21 (5.4) | 18 (1.2)a |
| Height, in | 66 (2.6) | 71 (2.9)a |
| Weight, lb | 136 (16.2) | 160 (16.2)a |
| BMI | 22 (1.8) | 22 (1.6)a |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.7 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.1)a |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||
| Hispanic | 8 (7) | 38 (33)a |
| Black | 23 (19) | 40 (34)a |
| White | 87 (71) | 37 (32)a |
| Otherb/unknown | 4 (3) | 1 (1) |
| ECG data | ||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 56 (9) | 58 (9) |
| Intervals, mean (SD) [range], ms | ||
| PR | 154 (26) [104 to 244] | 166 (24) [114 to 252]a |
| QRS | 87 (8) [66 to 108] | 94 (9) [72 to 122]a |
| QTc | 415 (23) [361 to 481] | 403 (21) [349 to 460]a |
| QRS axis, mean (SD) [range], ° | 73 (23) [−69 to 147] | 75 (21) [−40 to 119] |
| International ECG criteria, No. (%) | ||
| Normal ECG findings | ||
| Increased QRS voltage for LVH | 13 (11) | 74 (64)a |
| Increased QRS voltage for RVH | 1 (1) | 17 (15)a |
| Incomplete right bundle branch block | 5 (4) | 15 (13)a |
| Early repolarization | 35 (29) | 97 (84)a |
| Black athlete repolarization pattern | 3 (3) | 7 (6) |
| Sinus bradycardia | 85 (70) | 74 (64) |
| Sinus arrhythmia | 57 (47) | 50 (43) |
| Ectopic atrial rhythm | 5 (4) | 13 (11) |
| Junctional rhythm | 2 (2) | 0 |
| First degree AV block | 8 (7) | 12 (10) |
| Mobitz type 1 2° AV block | 0 | 0 |
| Borderline ECG findings | ||
| Left axis deviation | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
| Left atrial enlargement | 2 (2) | 4 (3) |
| Right axis deviation | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Right atrial enlargement | 2 (2) | 2 (2) |
| Complete right bundle branch block | 0 | 1 (1) |
| Abnormal ECG findings | ||
| T-wave inversion | 9 (7) | 0a |
| ST-segment depression | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Pathologic Q waves | 2 (2) | 0 |
| Complete left bundle branch block | 0 | 0 |
| QRS ≥140 ms duration | 0 | 0 |
| Epsilon wave | 0 | 0 |
| Ventricular pre-excitation | 0 | 0 |
| Prolonged QT interval | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Brugada type 1 pattern | 0 | 0 |
| Profound sinus bradycardia (<30 beats per min) | 0 | 0 |
| PR interval ≥400 ms | 0 | 0 |
| Mobitz type II 2° AV block | 0 | 0 |
| 3° AV block | 0 | 0 |
| ≥2 Premature ventricular contractions | 0 | 0 |
| Tachyarrhythmia | ||
| Atrial | 0 | 0 |
| Ventricular | 0 | 0 |
Abbreviations: AV, atrioventricular; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ECG, electrocardiography; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy.
a
P < .05.
b
The other category includes people who self-identified as Asian/Pacific Islander, >1 race/ethnicity, and/or indicated that the available options failed to adequately describe them.