Table 6.
The impact of electronic cigarettes use and tobacco smoke exposure on arterial hypertension.
| Type of Study | Participants/Rodents/Type of Cells | Country | Exposure Assessment | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-CIGARETTES | |||||
| Human | Participants (n = 42, aged 21–45 years). |
United States | Questionnaire, plasma cotinine | Increase of heart rate, mean SEM 1.37 [0.19], p = 0.05. | Moheimani et al. [58] |
| Human | Participants (n = 16, aged ≥18 years) prospective 3.5-year study. |
Italy | Questionnaire | No differences of blood pressure and heart rate, p > 0.05. | Polosa et al. [86] |
| Human | Participants (n = 23, aged 23–58 years). |
United States | Two commercial products that contain 16 mg/mL (1.6%) nicotine and three non-commercial products that contain 24 mg/mL (2.4%) nicotine, in the cartomizer device format attached to rechargeable batteries. In comparison Marlboro Gold King Size 0.8 mg per cigarette. | Increase of systolic (p = 0.04) and diastolic (p = 0.0001) blood pressure (five e-cigs vs. one Marlboro® cigarette). | Yan et al. [93] |
| Human | Participants (n = 76, aged 36 ± 5 years). |
Greece | Commercially-available tobacco cigarette: nicotine (1.0 mg), tar (10 mg) and carbon monoxide (10 mg) yields, and electronic cigarette, commercially-available device, with liquid containing 11 mg/mL nicotine concentration. |
Increase of systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p = 0.079) blood pressure; Increase of heart rate (p < 0.001). |
Farsalinos et al. [94] |
| Human | Participants (n = 24, aged 30 ± 8 years) smokers free of cardiovascular risk factors |
Greece | 4 separate occasions (total 96 sessions): (1) tobacco cigarette over 5 min; (2) e-cigarette over 5 min; (3) e-cigarette for a period of 30 min and (4) nothing (sham procedure) for 60 min. |
Increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure p > 0.05; Increase of heart rate p < 0.05. |
Vlachopoulos et al. [95], |
| Human | Participants (n = 15, aged 22.9 ± 3.5 year). |
Germany | (1) Smoking a cigarette and inhaling into the lungs, (2) Vaping an e-cigarette with nicotine and (3) Vaping an e-cigarette without nicotine. |
Increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure p < 0.05; Increase of heart rate (with nicotine e-cig) p < 0.05. |
Franzen et al. [96] |
| Human | Participants (n = 17, aged 26 ± 3 year). |
Sweden | The e-liquid base consisted primarily of 49.4% propylene glycol, 44.4% vegetable glycerin, and 5% ethanol without any added flavorings. Premixed e-liquids with and without added nicotine were used (19 mg/mL and 0 mg/mL resp). Inhaled 30 puffs from the e-cigarette for 30 min, with each puff lasting approximately three seconds. |
Increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, p < 0.001; Increase of heart rate, p = 0.015. |
Antoniewicz et al. [97] |
| Human | Participants (n = 100, aged 21–45 year). |
United States | E-cigarette-users after using an e-cigarette with nicotine, e-cigarette without nicotine, nicotine inhaler, or sham-vaping (control); nicotine and cotinine plasma levels. |
Increase of systolic p = 0.0001 and diastolic p = 0.002 blood pressure, Increase of heart rate p < 0.0001. |
Arastoo et al. [98] |
| Human | Participants who were willing to quit smoking (n = 114, aged ≥18 years). |
United Kingdom | E-cigarette containing 16 mg nicotine or nicotine-free e-cigarette plus nicotine flavoring. |
Increase of blood pressure: ≤20 pack-years p = 0.59 but >20 pack-years p = 0.04; Increase of heart rate: ≤20 pack-years p = 0.03; Decrease of heart rate: >20 pack-years p = 0.02. |
George et al. [99] |
| Human | Participants who were willing to quit smoking (n = 300 aged 44.0 ± 12.5 years) smoking cessation clinic |
Greece | E-cigarette kit with “Original” (2.4% nicotine—Group A), or “Categoria” (1.8% nicotine—Group B), or “Original” without nicotine (“sweet tobacco” aroma—Group C) cartridges. | Decrease of systolic blood pressure, p = 0.004. | Farsalinos et al. [101] |
| TOBACCO SMOKE | |||||
| Human | Participants (n = 23, aged 23–65 years). |
United States | Two commercial products that contain 16 mg/mL (1.6%) nicotine and three non-commercial products that contain 24 mg/mL (2.4%) nicotine, in the cartomizer device format attached to rechargeable batteries. In comparison to Marlboro Gold King Size 0.8 mg per cigarette. | Increase of systolic (p = 0.02,) and diastolic (p < 0.05) blood pressure, heart rate (p = 0.001) among Marlboro® cigarette users (five e-cigs vs. one Marlboro® cigarette). | Yan et al. [93] |
| Human | Participants (n = 2 212, aged 30–49 years). |
Venezuela | Questionnaire | Increase of blood pressure compared with nonsmokers, p < 0.001. | Bermudez et al. [24] |