Table 2.
Characteristics and Correlates of Frail and Non – Frail individuals.
| Characteristics & Correlates | Non – Frail individuals (N=34) (% & mean±sd) | Frail individuals (N=166) (% & mean±sd) | Total (N=200) (% & mean±sd) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (years) (mean)* | 82.69±3.46 | 83.46±4.01 | 83.34±3.93 | 0.31 |
| Height (cm) (mean)* | 156.72±11.19 | 153.96±9.56 | 154.35±9.82 | 0.71 |
| Weight (kg) (mean)* | 60.07±4.77 | 56.63±35.76 | 57.12±33.59 | 0.62 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean)* | 24.19±3.99 | 22.67±4.67 | 22.88±4.60 | 0.11 |
| Marital status (single) (%) | 54.5 | 63.9 | 62.3 | 0.20 |
| No education (%) | 39.4 | 52.1 | 50.0 | 0.12 |
| Medical history & Chronic diseases | ||||
| Poor self-reported health | 29.4 | 23.5 | 24.5 | 0.29 |
| Smoking (%) | 34.4 | 35.5 | 35.0 | 0.50 |
| Alcohol (%) | 29.4 | 30.7 | 30.5 | 0.54 |
| Poor Vision (%) | 47.1 | 67.5 | 64.0 | 0.02 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 26.5 | 46.4 | 43.0 | 0.02 |
| Stroke (%) | 11.8 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 0.06 |
| Hypertension (%) | 79.4 | 61.4 | 64.5 | 0.03 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 85.3 | 90.4 | 89.5 | 0.27 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) (%) | 17.6 | 36,7 | 33.5 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes (%) | 20.6 | 21.5 | 21.3 | 0.55 |
| Body aches and Pains (muscular) (%) | 60.6 | 80.7 | 77.4 | 0.03 |
| Low physical activity (no exercise/no sports) (%) | 70.6 | 93.4 | 89.5 | 0.001 |
| Asthma (%) | 11.8 | 26.5 | 24.0 | 0.04 |
| Falls (%) | 26.5 | 38.8 | 36.7 | 0.12 |
| Chronic Joint pains (%) | 47.1 | 81.3 | 75.5 | <0.001 |
| Pain on Long standing (%) | 73.5 | 84.3 | 82.5 | 0.10 |
| Pain on standing or sitting down (%) | 58.8 | 77.7 | 74.5 | 0.02 |
| Objective measurements | ||||
| Depression: >5 (GDS-15 point scale) (%) | 20.6 | 58.4 | 52.0 | <0.001 |
| Grip strength - kg (mean)* | 7.56±10.33 | 4.54±6.45 | 5.06±7.31 | 0.02 |
| Low Grip strength – kg (%) | 70.6 | 98.8 | 94.0 | <0.001 |
| Poor Short Physical Performance Battery (score ≤ 9) (%) | 79.4 | 97.0 | 94.0 | 0.001 |
| Impaired Cognitive function (MMSE <23) (%) | 47.1 | 69.9 | 66.0 | 0.01 |
| Systolic Blood pressure (mmHg)(mean)* | 145.68±24.07 | 142.52±25.05 | 143.05±24.85 | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)(mean)* | 84.41±14.76 | 82.21±12.21 | 82.15±12.61 | 0.30 |