Table 3.
Different Young’s moduli reported for the left or right ventricular (LV/RV) tissues. * are data estimated from the original papers. Tissue mechanical property is measured either in main fiber and cross-fiber (X-fiber) directions or in anatomical directions (L: longitudinal (long-axis of ventricle), C: circumferential (short-axis of ventricle)).
| Measurement Method | Species/Tissue | Anatomic Region | Young’s Modulus | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFM | Mouse/LV | N/A | Embryonic: 12 kPa Neonatal: 39 kPa |
[105] |
| AFM | Rat/LV | Basal surface of tissue section parallel to long axis | Healthy: 18 kPa Infarcted: 55 kPa |
[112] |
| AFM | Mouse/LV | N/A | Healthy: 60 kPa Diseased: 144–295 kPa |
[113] |
| AFM | Quail/Embryonic heart tissue | Apical surface | Healthy: 1–14 kPa | [114] |
| Custom Indenter | Rat/LV&RV | N/A | Healthy LV: 15 kPa Healthy RV: 13 kPa Hypertensive LV: 12 kPa Hypertensive RV: 22 kPa |
[111] |
| Micropipette aspiration | Rat/Whole heart | N/A | Healthy: Neonatal: 4–11 kPa Adult: 12–46 kPa |
[115] |
| Tensile test | Rat/RV | N/A | Healthy: Low strain (L): 7–18 kPa High strain (L): 464–1054 kPa Low strain (C): 7–17 kPa High strain (C): 421–965 kPa Pressure overloaded: Low strain (L): 18–45 kPa High strain (L): 702–1157 kPa Low strain (C): 5–9 kPa High strain (C): 497–808 kPa |
[108] |
| Tensile test | Rat/RV | Middle of the RV free wall between apex and outflow tract | Healthy: Low strain: 46 kPa High strain: 716 kPa Hypertensive: Low strain: 143 kPa High Strain: 535 kPa |
[109] |
| Tensile test | Rat/LV&RV | N/A | Healthy LV: L: 157 kPa C: 84 kPa Healthy RV: L: 20 kPa C: 54 kPa |
[116] |
| Tensile test | Canine/LV&RV | RV: middle of the free wall; LV: between left anterior descending artery and major marginals of circumflex artery | Healthy LV: Apex-to-base: 125–875 g/cm Circumferential: 250–1375 g/cm Healthy RV: Apex-to-base: 63–1000 g/cm Circumferential: 125–2400 g/cm |
[107] * |
| Tensile test | Canine/LV&RV | RV free wall sinus and conus regions; LV midwall | Healthy RV Sinus: Fiber: 800 g/cm2 X-fiber: 500 g/cm2 Healthy RV Conus: Fiber: 800 g/cm2 X-fiber: 300 g/cm2 Healthy LV: Fiber: 600 g/cm2 X-fiber: 500 g/cm2 |
[110] |
| Tensile test | Ovine/LV&RV | Anterior and posterior regions of LV and RV | Healthy LV: Fiber: 113 kPa X-fiber: 23 kPa Healthy RV: Fiber: 100 kPa X-fiber: 40 kPa |
[117]* |
| Tensile test | Ovine/RV | RV free wall | Healthy RV: L: 10–1000 kPa C: 30–2000 kPa Hypertensive RV: L: 80–2000 kPa C: 30–3000 kPa |
[118] |
| Tensile test | Neonatal porcine/LV&RV | Anterior aspect of LV and RV free walls | Healthy LV: Fiber: 10–200 kPa X-fiber: 100–200 kPa Healthy RV: Fiber: 100–200 kPa X-fiber: 50–150 kPa |
[119] * |
| Tensile test | Human/LV&RV | Mid ventricular region of myocardial free wall where muscle structure is uniform | Diseased LV: 70–120 kPa Diseased RV: 80–160 kPa |
[106] * |
| Tensile test | Human/LV, RV, and Septum | N/A | Diseased LV: Fiber: 80–280 kPa X-fiber: 80–160 kPa Diseased Septum: Fiber: 80–320 kPa X-fiber: 40–200 kPa Diseased RV: Fiber: 160–280 kPa X-fiber: 120–240 kPa |
[96] * |