Table 2.

Major immunomodulatory polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms and their immunomodulatory effects.

Source	Active Compound	Immunomodulatory Effect	Refs
Agaricus blazei (syn. Agaricus brasiliensis)	Heteroglycan, Glycoprotein, Glucomannan-protein complex, β-1,3-d-glucan, with β-1,6-d-glucan branch	Stimulates Natural Killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes; induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interferon (IFN)-γ, and Interleukin (IL)-8 production	[29]
Auricularia auricula-judae	AF1 β-1,3-d-glucan main chain with two β-1,6-d-glucosyl residues	Induces apoptosis of cancer cell	[30]
Gymnopus dryophilus (syn. Collybia dryophila)	β-d-glucan	Inhibits NO production in activated macrophages	[31]
Ophiocordyceps sinensis	β-d-glucan, heteroglycan, cordyglucan	Increase in IL-5 induction with decrease in IL-4 and IL-17	[32]
Cryptoporus volvatus	β-1,3-d-Glucan	Decreases in TLR2 and activate NF-κB	[33]
Flammulina velutipes	Glycoprotein, Flammulina velutipes peptidoglycan (FVP), β-1,3-d-glucan	Increases NO, IL-1 production, and TNF-α secretion	[34]
Ganoderma lucidum	Ganoderan, Heteroglycan, mannoglucan, glycopeptide	Stimulates TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ production, activate NF-κB.	[35]
Grifola frondosa	Grifolan (1–6-monoglucosyl-branched β-1,3-d-glucan), proteoglycan, heteroglycan, galactomannan	Macrophage activation, induction of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion	[36]
Hericium erinaceus	Heteroglycan, heteroglycan-peptide, β-1,3 branched-β-1,2-mannan	Induces NO production, increase expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12	[15]
Inonotus obliquus	β-d-glucan	Enhance expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages	[37]
Lentinula edodes (syn. Lentinus edodes)	Lentinan, glucan, mannoglucan, proteoglycan, β-(1-6)-d-glucan, α-(1-3)-d-glucan	Induces non-specific cytotoxicity in macrophage and enhance cytokine production Induces cytotoxic effect on a breast cancer cell line	[38,39,40]
Lentinus squarrosulus	Glucan	Activation of macrophages, splenocytes and thymocytes	[41]
Morchella esculenta	Galactomannan, β-1,3-d-glucan	Macrophage activation, activate NF-κB	[42]
Morchella conica	Galactomannan	Induces NO, IL-1β, IL-6 production	[43]
Naematelia aurantialba (syn. Tremella aurantialba)	Heteroglycan	Enhances mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation	[44]
Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’ (syn. Pleurotus florida)	α-1,6-glucan and α-1, 3-, β-1,6-d-glucan	Stimulates macrophages, splenocytes and thymocytes	[45,46]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Pleuran, heterogalactan, proteoglycan	Induces IL-4 and IFN-γ production	[47]
Poria cocos	β-pachyman, β-Glucan, β-1,3-d-glucan, α-1, 3-d-glucan	Promotes the immune reaction; increases the expression of cytokines	[48,49]
Sarcodon aspratus	Fucogalactan, 1,6-α-d-glucopyranosyl residue	Increases the release of TNF-α and NO in macrophage	[50]
Schizophyllum commune	Schizophyllan, 1,6-monoglucosyl branched β-1, 3-d-glucan	Activation of T cell, increases interleukin, and TNF-α production	[51]
Sparassis crispa	β-Glucan	Enhances IL-6 and INF-γ production	[52]
Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorate)	β-1,3-d-Gluco-pyranans with β-1,6-d-glucosyl branches, proteoglycan	Induction of INF-γ, TNF-α	[53]
Tropicoporus linteus (syn. Phellinus linteus)	Acidic polysaccharides	Activation of murine B cells, Induces IL-12 and IFN-γ production, Blocks NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-4 production	[54]
Trametes versicolor	Polysaccharide peptide Krestin (PSK), β-1,3-glycosidic bond with β-1,6-glycosidic branches	Increases the expression of cytokines; stimulates the macrophage phagocytes	[1,55]
Tremella fuciformis	Acidic glucuronoxylomannan α-1,3-d-mannan backbone with β-linked D-glucuronic acid	Induces human monocytes to express interleukins	[56,57]
Macrocybe gigantea (syn. Tricholoma giganteum)	Polysaccharide-protein complex (PSPC)	Increases phagocytic function of macrophages by activating macrophages to release mediators such as NO and TNF-α and inhibits S180 and HL-60 cells	[13,27]
Xylaria nigripes	β-Glucan	Inhibits NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production	[58]