Table 1.
Participant characteristics at follow-up study visits.
| Study Visit | 1-Year Visit n = 566 |
2-Year Visit n = 530 |
4-Year Visit n = 582 |
6-Year Visit n = 573 |
9-Year Visit n = 544 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
| Sex Male |
285 (50.3%) | 278 (52.4%) | 293 (50.3%) | 293 (51.2%) | 280 (51.4%) |
| Age (months) | 12.2 ± 0.28 | 24.4 ± 0.54 | 58.5 ± 6.7 | 82.1 ± 7.2 | 116 ± 8.2 |
| BMI Z-score a | |||||
| Underweight | 15 (2.6%) | 2 (0.38%) | 2 (0.34%) | 7 (1.2%) | 3(0.53%) |
| Normal weight | 455 (80.3%) | 352 (66.4%) | 474 (81.4%) | 407 (71.0%) | 286 (52.5%) |
| Overweight | 73 (12.9%) | 130 (24.5%) | 68 (11.6%) | 92 (16.0%) | 135 (24.8%) |
| Obesity | 23 (4.0%) | 46 (8.6%) | 38 (6.5%) | 67 (11.6%) | 120 (22.0%) |
| Physical activity (min/day) b Aerobic activities |
N/A | N/A | 65.8 ± 30.0 | 69.73 ± 29.3 | 21.02 ± 7.10 |
| Second-hand smoking (daily) c | N/A | N/A | |||
| Yes | 58 (10%) | 75 (13%) | 98 (18.1%) | ||
| No | 517 (90%) | 486 (86.6%) | 442 (81.8%) | ||
| Socioeconomic Status d | |||||
| Lower | 292 (51.5%) | ||||
| Middle | 218 (38.5%) | ||||
| Higher | 56 (9.8%) |
a: Classification according to BMI/age z-score (Underweight <−2SD, normal >−2SD to ≤+1SD, overweight >+1SD to +2SD, obesity >+2SD); b: Aerobic activities: Play in the park, run, walk, ride a bike, dance, stage 48−n = 7 missing observations; c: Classification according to the minutes that children expend with smokers, stage 48−n = 7 missing observations, stage 72−n = 12 missing observations, stage 96−n = 4 missing observations; d: Classification according to the AMAI index; data from the enrollment.