Figure 1.

Modulators of the cellular action of glucocorticoids. These modulators include glucocorticoid availability, glucocorticoid receptor number and affinity, GRβ isoform expression, glucocorticoid receptor signalling, mineralocorticoid receptor signalling, glucocorticoid receptor–gene interaction, and glucocorticoid receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms. Abbreviations: 11β-HSD: 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; CBG: Corticosteroid-binding globulin; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; HSP: heat shock protein; MR: mineralocorticoid receptor; NF-κB: nuclear factor k B; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms; HDAC2: histone deacetylase 2; AP-1: activator protein 1. Adapted by permission from [Nature] [51].