Table 1.

The use of polymers to retain the recognition molecules or modification of the electrode surface.

Polymer (s)	Analyte	Biomolecule Immobilized	Immobilization Method	LOD	LDR	Ref.
PANI	Glucose (G) and urea (U)	GOX/URE	Entrapment	-	0.1 mM (G) 10−5–0.1 M (U)	[53]
PPY-pTS	Hypoxanthine	XOX, URI	Entrapment	5 µM	5 µM–5 mM	[54]
PPY	Interleukin-10	AIA	Covalent	0.347 pg/mL	1–10 ng/L	[55]
NDSC	Norepinephrine	Laccase	Adsorption	240 nM	0.1–200 µM	[59]
PEDOT	BRCA1	DNA	Covalent	0.0034 pM	0.01 pM to 1 nM	[61]
PEDOT-PEDOT-COOH	Lactate	LDH	Covalent	20.26 μA mM−1 cm−1 (sensitivity)	20–960 μM	[71]
PEDOT/PSS hydrogels	H2O2	HRP	Nafion entrapment	0.94 µM 10 µM	0.0088 to 0.15 mM 0.05–0.25 mM	[72]
PPY/PSS	Glucose	GOX	Entrapment	-	0.1 nM–1 mM	[73]
DMAPM, VPBA, EGDM, DA	Dopamine	Imprint	Entrapment	96 nM	40 nM–20 μM	[74]
MAA, EDGM, fluorescein-o-acrylate	Doxycycline	Imprint	Entrapment	117 nM	0.2 to 6 µM	[75]
Toluidine blue	CA 15–3	Imprint	Entrapment	0.10 U/ mL	0.10 U/mL to 100 U/mL	[76]
PDA	TNT	Imprint	Entrapment	15.4 nM, 14.8 nM	0–289 nM	[77]
o-DB, o-PD	Chlorpyrifos	Aptamer imprint	Entrapment	0.35 fM	0.001 to 0.4 pM	[78]
Macroporous PANI, PSS	AFP	AFP Ab	Covalent	3.7 fg/mL	0.01 to 1000 pg/mL	[79]
CuPT-PPy/NIPAAm-AM	Melanoma	CRP	Covalent	7.85 × 10−19 M	10−20 to 10−6 M	[80]
NiPAAm, AAm, MBAAm	BSA	Imprint	Entrapment	0.012 μM	0.02 μM to 10 μM	[81]
FcMMA, 4-VP, and EDMA	Bisphenol A	Imprint	Entrapment	13 ng/L	0–410 ng/L	[82]
PEDOT	NADH		Physical adsorption	5.3 μM	20–240 μM	[83]
PLL	DNAhybridization	DNA	Covalent	2.25 × 10−14 M	1.0 × 10−13 to 1.0 × 10−6 M	[84]
PPY	CEA	Imprint	Entrapment	0.13 pg/mL	0.125–12.25 pg/mL	[85]
PCPy	Glucose	GOX	Entrapment	0.039 mM	0.1–15.0 mM	[86]
PSBEDOT	Glucose	GOX	Entrapment	-	1 mM to 20 mM	[87]
BTP	Glucose	GOX	Entrapment	0.034 mM	0.034–1.0 mM	[88]
PPY	Glucose	GOX of A. niger	Coating the cell	0.005 mM	0.01–0.05 mM	[89]
PPY	Catechol	POX (Trametes pubescens)	Encapsulation	1.8 μM	1–60/70 μM	[90]
p-toluene-sulfonic acid doped PPY	Glucose	GOX	Physical adsorption	0.25 mM is lowest tested	0.25–1.5 mM	[91]
BOTT	Catechol	Laccase	Entrapment	0.38 μM	0.5–25 μM	[92]
PEDOT(BSA)	Glucose	GOX	Physical adsorption	0.416 mM is tested	0.416 to 50 mM (LSV)	[93]
DPDAA	Glucose	G. oxydans and GOX	Glutaraldehyde cross-linking Cells:	0.022 mM (GOX) 0.081 mM (whole cell)	0.045–50.0 mM (GOX) and 0.19–50.0 mM (whole cell)	[94]
PANI	E. coli	Anti-E. coli antibody	Covalent	10 CFU/mL	101–106 CFU/mL	[95]
Macroporous PPY-pyrrole	Urea	Urease	Entrapment	2.57 mM	1.67–8.32 mM	[96]

Polymers: AAm = acrylamide, BOTT = thienothiophene-benzoxadiazole-alt-benzodithiophene, BTP = 5-amino-N1,N3-bis (2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) isophthalamide, DA = 3-hydroxytyramine hydrochloride, DMAPM = N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide, DPDAA = 10-(4H-dithiyeno [3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyroll-4-il)decan-1-amine, EGDM = ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, FcMMA= Ferrocenyl methylmethacrylate, MAA = methacrylic acid, MBAAm = methylene-N,N-bis(acrylamide), NDSC = 9-nonyl-2,7-di(selenophen-2-yl)-9H-carbazole, NiPAAm = N-isopropylacrylamide, o-DB = o-Dihydroxybenzene, PANI = polyaniline, PBETB: poly(4,7-bis(5-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)thiophen-2-yl)benzothiadiazole), PEDOT = poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythio phene), pTS = para toluene sulphonate, PLL = Poly-L-lysine, PPy = poly pyrrole, PSBEDOT = poly(sulfobetaine-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PSS = poly styrene sulphonate, VPBA = 4-vinylphenylboronic acid, 4-VP = 4-vinylpyridine. Biorecognition biomolecules: AFP = alpha-fetoprotein, AIA = Anti-Interleukein antibody, BSA = bovine serum albumin, CA 15-3 = Carbohydrate Antigen 15-3, CEA = Carcinogenic embryonic antigen, CRP = C-reactive protein, GOX = glucose oxidase, HRP = horseradish dehydrogenase, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, POX = polyphenol oxidase, TnT = Cardiac Troponin T, URA = urease, URI = uricase, XOX = xanthine oxidase.