Table 1.

Molecular biomarkers of ovarian cancer. The present and future.

Biomarker	Preclinical/Clinical	Purpose	Ref.
CA125
Serum CA125	Clinically approved	Screening
Oregovomab	Phase I–III	Immunotherapy	[35]
B43.13-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[36]
VEGF
Bevacizumab	Clinically approved	MTT	*
Bevacizumab-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[37]
EGFR
Trastuzumab (Her2)	Phase II	MTT	[38]
Trastuzumab-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[37]
Pertuzumab (Her2)	Phase II	MTT	[39,40]
Pertuzumab-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[41]
Her2 nanobody-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[42]
Cetuximab (Her1)	Phase II	MTT	[43]
EPCAM
Catumaxomab	Phase II/III	Immunotherapy	[44,45]
FRα
Farletuzumab	Phase III	MTT	[46]
111In-farletuzumab-IRDye800CW	Preclinical	FIGS	[47]
Folate-FITC	Phase Ia	FIGS	[10]
EC17	Phase I	FIGS	[11]
OTL38	Phase I–III	FIGS	[12,48]
IR780-loaded folate-targeted nanoparticles	Preclinical	FIGS	[49]

MTT: molecular targeted therapy, FIGS: fluorescence image-guided surgery, CA125: cancer antigen 125, HE4: human epididymis protein 4, FRα: folate receptor alpha, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family. (* Bevacizumab was approved in 2011 based on the finding of two clinical trials on front-line treatment for high-risk EOC patients (GOG218, ICON7) and in 2012 for recurrent EOC patients based on the results of the GOG213 and OCEANS trials.).