AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
Arc	activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated associated protein
BBB	blood-brain barrier
BDNF	brain derived neurotrophic factor
CaMKIIα	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subunit α
CCK8	cholecystokinin8
CLP	cecal ligation and puncture
CREB protein	cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 2019
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
CTSL	cathepsin L
CytC	Cytochrome C
DAT	Dopamine transporter
EAE	experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
ERK1/2	extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2
ETR.	end-of-treatment response
GDNF	glial-derived neurotrophic factor
5-HT	Serotonin
5-HT3	serotoninergic type 3 receptor
HBMVE	human brain microvascular endothelial
HSPP60	heat shock protein 60
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IFNα2b	interferon α2b
IFNγ	interferon γ
IL-1β	interleukin-1β
IL-6	interleukin 6
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
JNK	c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase
LDH	Lactic dehydrogenase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
mGLUr	metabotropic glutamatergic receptor
MPP+	1-methyl-phenyl-pyridinium ion
mRNA	messenger ribonucleic acid
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NMDAR1 or NR1	NMDA receptor 1
Nurr77	reversing nerve growth factor IB
6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
p38 MAP	p38 mitogen-activated protein
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase
RANTES	regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted
RT-PCR	real-time polymerase chain reaction
SARS-CoV	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses
SARS-CoV-2	coronavirus responsible for COVID-19
SCI	Spinal cord injury
STZ	streptozotocin
SVR	sustained virological response
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TNF-α	tumour necrosis α
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule-1