Table 3.
Metabolites found to be potentially relevant in CRS development.
| Metabolites | Strategy | Biological Sample | Number of Cases/Controls | Analytical Technique | Sample Pretreatment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - Palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid - Phosphatidylcholines - Phosphatidylethanolamines - Ceramides and cholesteryl esters - Cholesteryl palmitoleate present only in CRSwNP - Cholesteryl arachidonate, cholesteryl linoleate |
Untargeted lipidomics | Sinus mucosa | 9 CRSwNP, 11 CRSsNP, 12 controls |
HPTLC, GC-EI/MS, and FI/ESI-MS/MS | Bligh-Dyer lipid extraction | [75] |
| - Prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid - 11-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid - 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxin A4, 8, 15-dihete, and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid |
Targeted lipidomics | Cells isolated from nasal polyps | 6 patients with eosinophilic rhinosinusitis, 6 controls |
LC-MS/MS | Anion-exchange SPE | [77] |
| - Neopterin | Targeted study | Serum and nasal secretions | 54 CRSwNP, 46 CRSsNP, 40 controls, 51 AR, 43 NAR |
Immunoassay | Dilution and centrifugation | [78] |
| - VOCs without exact identification | Untargeted metabolomics | Exhaled breath samples | 17 CRS 24 NP, 30 controls |
Technique based on the use of cross-reactive nanoarray with various sensors | Thermal desorption of breath trapped in nanotubes | [81] |
| - Exhaled nasal nitric oxide | Targeted study | Exhaled breath samples | 54 CRSwNP 34 CRSsNP 20 controls |
NIOX device | N/A | [82] |
Abbreviations: AR = allergic rhinitis; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; CRSsNP = chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; CRSwNP = chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; FI/ESI-MS/MS = flow-injection/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; GC-EI/MS = gas chromatography/electron impact-mass spectrometry; HPTLC = high-performance thin-layer chromatography; LC-MS/MS = liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; NAR = nonallergic rhinopathy; N/A = not applicable; NP = nasal polyps; SPE = solid-phase extraction; VOCs = volatile organic compounds.