Table 2.

Environmental factors associated with honey bee colony losses.

Anthropogenic Direct Drivers that Cause Honey Bee Decline	Impact on Honey Bee	References
Pesticides	High rate of mortality, alteration of different biological processes	[80,81,82,83]
Climate change	Alteration of honey bee behavior, physiology and distribution, induced changes in flora for honey bees vitality	[84]
Introduction of alien species	Competition for food resources, decline of indigenous species, alteration of the new habitat	[85,86,87,88]
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) crop	Alteration bees foraging behavior	[89]
Land use and management	Habitat and forage loss, honey bee and wild bee competition	[79,90]
Bee management	Hybridity of honey bees, migratory pollination	[91,92,93,94]
Environmental pollution	Imbalance in homeostasis, weakening of the immune system	[95]
Interactions between drivers	In many cases poorly studied	[96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]