Table 1.

A summary of the expression systems for production of recombinant collagens.

Expression System	Examples of Collagen Constructs	Requirement for Co-Expression of P4H (N = No, Y = Yes)	Industrial-Scale Production (N = No, Y = Yes)	Commercial Evaluation (N = No, Y = Yes)	References
Mammalian cells (HT1080, CHO, HEK293, NIH3T3)	Native-like human procollagens, including procollagen I, procollagen II, collagen VI, procollagen VII. Fragments of procollagens, including mini-collagen II, mini-collagen I homotrimer, mini-collagen VII, C-terminal propeptides of procollagen III, and fragments of collagen IV	N	N	N	[4,50,53,83,84,85,86,87,88]
Insect cells	Native-like collagens including collagen I, collagen II, collagen III, collagen IX, collagen	N	N	N	[89,90]
Mammary glands of transgenic mice	Collagen I homotrimer	N	N	N	[62]
Escherichia coli	Human-derived mini-collagen III, collagen fragments, including C propeptide of collagen XVIII, and fragments of collagen I	Y	N	N	[61]
Escherichia coli	Collagen fragments stabilized by bacterial collagen-like sequences	N	N	N	[91,92]
Yeast cells	Native-like human collagen I, collagen III, gelatin	Y	Y	Y	[28,60,72,93]
Transgenic plants	Native-like human collagen I	Y	Y	Y	[59,77,94,95,96]