Table 2.

Main fluids and particles used to mimic blood and RBCs behavior.

Analogue Fluid	Main Key Observations in Comparison to Whole Blood	References
Glycerol and water	Newtonian, macro behavior, viscosity curve	Lieber et al., 2009 [82]
Water and DMSO	Newtonian, macro behavior, viscosity curve	Carvalho et al., 2020 [83,100], Souza et al., 2020 [101]
Xanthan gum (XG) and PAA XG, PAA and glycerin	Non-Newtonian, macro behavior, hematocrit level, shear-thinning	Sousa et al., 2011 [84]
Dextran 40 and CaCl2	Non-Newtonian, cell-free layer, micro behavior, hemodynamic phenomena, shear-thinning	Fukada et al., 1989 [86]
PAA	Non-Newtonian, shear-thinning behavior	Lerche et al., 1993 [88]
PAA and XG	Non-Newtonian, shear-thinning behavior, viscoelasticity	Vlastos et al., 1997 [89]
Sucrose, PAA and HA	Non-Newtonian, macro behavior, shear-thinning behavior, viscoelasticity	Campo-Deaño et al., 2013 [81]
Sucrose and xanthan gum	Non-Newtonian, macro behavior, shear-thinning behavior, viscoelasticity	Campo-Deaño et al., 2013 [81]
PMMA	Newtonian, micro behavior, pathological RBCs deformability	Calejo et al., 2016 [91]
PMMA particles, xanthan gum, Dx 40	Non-Newtonian, micro behavior, shear-thinning behavior, viscoelasticity, pathological RBCs deformability, cell-free layer	Pinho et al., 2017 [92]
PDMS beads in Dx 40	Non-Newtonian, micro behavior, shear-tinning behavior, RBCs deformability	Pinho et al., 2019 [95]
Hydrogel	Non-Newtonian, viscoelasticity	Nguyen et al., 2004 [96]
Microgel particles loaded with bovine Hb	Newtonian, micro behavior, RBCs deformability	Chen et al., 2012 [97]
Giant unilamellar vesicles, water	Newtonian, micro behavior, RBCs deformability	Carvalho et al., 2018 [98]
Brij L4 surfactant, water	Non-Newtonian, micro behavior, two-phase, shear-thinning behavior, cell-free layer, RBCs deformability	Lima et al., 2020 [99]