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. 2020 Dec 3;10:21196. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78240-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A simplified conceptual model of hydrothermal transect, showing the mineral distribution caused by hydrothermal alteration of original basaltic rocks at surface of the studied Iceland sites. Surface mineralogy is constrained by acid leaching and their exposure to oxidizing conditions, which depends on the physicochemical properties of hydrothermal (red arrow) and meteoric (blue arrow) fluids. Oxidation front (red dashed line) indicates the oxidation of sulfides and elemental sulfur into sulfates²⁰.