Table 1.
Summary statistics of the parents’ sociodemographic variables.
| Variable Label | Value Label | Pooled | Mother | Father | Statistical Test | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD | ||||
| Gender and caregiver role | Female (mother) | 340 (81.7%) | 340 (100%) | B | <0.001 | |
| Male (father) | 76 (18.3%) | 76 (100%) | ||||
| Schooling | No schooling | 12 (2.9%) | 11 (3.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | MW ZU | 0.840 |
| Primary | 77 (18.5%) | 62 (18.2%) | 15 (19.7%) | |||
| Compul. secondary | 184 (44.2%) | 151 (44.4%) | 33 (43.4%) | |||
| Higher secondary | 108 (26%) | 87 (25.6%) | 21 (27.6%) | |||
| University | 35 (8.4%) | 29 (8.5%) | 6 (7.9%) | |||
| Occupation | Unpaid work | 277 (66.6%) * | 275 (80.9%) | 2 (2.6%) | χ2 (2) | 0.001 |
| Homemaker | 274 (65.9%) | 273 (80.3%) | 1 (1.3%) | |||
| Student | 3 (0.7%) | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (1.3%) | |||
| Paid work | 111 (26.7%) * | 54 (15.9%) | 57 (75%) | |||
| Office employee | 58 (13.9%) | 34 (10%) | 24 (31.6%) | |||
| Seller/merchant | 39 (9.4%) | 17 (5%) | 22 (28.9%) | |||
| Laborer | 14 (3.4%) | 3 (0.9%) | 11 (14.5%) | |||
| Unemployed | 28 (6.7%) * | 11 (3.2%) | 17 (22.4%) | |||
| Marital status | Married | 169 (40.6%) | 133 (39.2%) | 36 (47.4%) | Fisher’s exact p | 0.017 |
| Cohabitating | 161 (38.8%) | 127 (37.5%) | 34 (44.7%) | |||
| Separated | 37 (8.9%) | 33 (9.7%) | 4 (5.3%) | |||
| Single parent | 32 (7.7%) * | 32 (9.4%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Divorced | 12 (2.9%) | 10 (2.9%) | 2 (2.6%) | |||
| Widowed | 4 (1%) | 4 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Income per month # (minimum wage) | <1 ≈ 140 USD | 254 (61.1%) | 216 (63.5%) | 38 (50%) | MW ZU | 0.038 |
| 1 to 2 ≈ 279 USD | 91 (21.9%) | 69 (20.3%) | 22 (28.9%) | |||
| 2 to 3 ≈ 419 USD | 57 (13.7%) | 45 (13.2%) | 12 (15.8%) | |||
| ≥3 | 14 (3.3%) | 10 (3%) | 4 (5.3%) | |||
| Religious orientation | Catholic Christian | 340 (81.7%) | 275(80.9%) | 65 (85.5%) | χ2 (2) | 0.135 |
| Non-Catholic Chr. | 48 (11.6%) | 44 (12.9%) | 4 (5.3%) | |||
| No religion | 28 (6.7%) | 21 (6.2%) | 7 (9.2%) | |||
| Age (years) | 31.67 ± 8.02 | 31.05±7.74 | 34.43 ± 8.72 | t-test | 0.001 | |
| N. of children | 2.31 ± 1.19 | 2.31 ± 1.18 | 2.29 ± 1.20 | t-test | 0.898 |
Note. In the third column, the simple absolute frequency (n) and simple percentage (%) are shown for qualitative and ordinal variables, and the arithmetic mean ± sample standard deviation (M ± SD) is shown for quantitative variables. Statistical tests (fourth column) and probability values (fifth column): B = two-tailed probability value for the binomial test, χ2(df) = right-tailed probability value for Pearson’s chi-square test with degree of freedoms (df), Fisher’s exact p = two-tailed probability value for Fisher’s exact test, MW ZU = two-tailed probability value for the Mann-Whitney standardized U statistic, and t-test = two-tailed probability value for Student’s t-test statistic assuming homogeneity of variances tested by Levene’s test. Sample size: N = 416. * Category with nonhomogeneous frequencies between both genders in the pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni’s correction for significance level. # In 2018, the general minimum wage per month was 2686.14 Mexican pesos. The exchange rate on 26 December 2019, was one Mexican peso = 0.052 USD.