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. 2020 Dec 3;10:21052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78144-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Class activation maps (heat maps) showing highly activated areas on optic disc photographs (ODPs) of healthy eye (A), early (B) and moderate-to-severe (C, D) stages of glaucoma based on which DL algorithm made its predictions. (A) A case of healthy eye. There is no visible neuroretinal thinning and no signs of glaucomatous VFD. The DL model excellently quantified the MD value. (B) In this early-glaucomatous eye, both the superior and inferior rims are thinned, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss is evident in the inferotemporal area. The MD value and glaucoma stage were accurately predicted. (C, D) Eyes of moderate-to-severe glaucoma. Neuroretinal rim thinning (more severe in (D)) with adjacent RNFL defect is shown. In both cases, the MD along with the presence of glaucomatous VFD and the glaucoma stage was correctly predicted. MD, mean deviation; VFD, visual field defect.