Table 1.

Percentage distribution of children under age five years by selected background characteristics among urban poor and non-poor in India, 2005–06 and 2015–16.

Variables	2005–06				2015–16
	Non-poor		Poor		Non-poor		Poor
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age (years)
15–24	4502	32.9	607	39.2	12,235	27.0	2843	34.6
25–34	8099	59.2	756	48.8	28,657	63.3	4443	54.1
35+	1092	8.0	185	12.0	4374	9.7	931	11.3
Education
No	2711	19.8	1023	66.1	5357	11.8	3747	45.6
Yes	10,982	80.2	525	33.9	39,909	88.2	4470	54.4
Age at First Birth (years)
Less than 18	2210	16.1	626	40.44	3503	7.7	1561	19.0
18–30	11,002	80.4	910	58.8	40,202	88.8	6520	79.4
More than 30	481	3.5	12	0.78	1561	3.5	136	1.7
Parity
1	3577	26.1	223	14.4	14,131	31.2	1506	18.3
2	5334	39.0	344	22.2	18,883	41.7	2515	30.6
3	2423	17.7	300	19.4	7620	16.8	1901	23.1
4+	2359	17.2	681	44.0	4632	10.2	2295	27.9
Anemia
No	7045	51.5	592	38.2	22,264	49.2	3312	40.3
Yes	6648	48.6	956	61.8	23,002	50.8	4905	59.7
Socio-economic factors
Caste
SC/ST	3406	24.9	565	36.5	12,103	26.7	3269	39.8
Non-SC/ST	10,287	75.1	983	63.5	33,163	73.3	4948	60.2
Religion
Hindu	9143	66.8	1013	65.4	29,762	65.8	5508	67.0
Muslim	2714	19.8	413	26.7	10,077	22.3	2024	24.6
Others	1836	13.4	122	7.9	5427	12.0	685	8.3
Child factors
Age (months)
0–23	5115	37.4	576	37.2	17,199	38.0	3071	37.4
24–47	5741	41.9	639	41.3	18,777	41.5	3399	41.4
47–59	2837	20.7	333	21.5	9290	20.5	1747	21.3
Sex
Male	7223	52.8	748	48.3	23,666	52.3	4221	51.4
Female	6470	47.3	800	51.7	21,600	47.7	3996	48.6
Anemia
No	7208	52.6	604	39.0	23,501	51.9	3719	45.3
Yes	6485	47.4	944	61.0	21,765	48.1	4498	54.7
Diarrhea
No	12,409	90.6	1396	90.2	41,256	91.1	7411	90.2
Yes	1284	9.4	152	9.8	4010	8.9	806	9.8
Birth weight
Normal	12,003	87.7	1462	94.4	38,744	85.6	7086	86.2
LBW	1690	12.3	86	5.6	6522	14.4	1131	13.8
Colostrum feedinga
No	8925	65.2	1136	73.4	30,234	66.8	5634	68.6
Yes	4768	34.8	412	26.6	15,032	33.2	2583	31.4
Environmental factors
Source of drinking water
Not Protected	1097	8.0	211	13.6	3889	8.6	965	11.7
Protected	11,840	86.5	1259	81.3	39,039	86.2	6842	83.3
Others	756	5.5	78	5.0	2338	5.2	410	5.0
Defecation
Open defecation	1089	8.0	940	60.7	2725	6.0	4309	52.4
Improved	11,790	86.1	511	33.0	40,065	88.5	3456	42.1
Others	814	5.9	97	6.3	2476	5.5	452	5.5
Stool Disposal
Yes	11,382	83.1	824	53.2	36,300	80.2	4235	51.5
No	2308	16.9	724	46.8	8955	19.8	3982	48.5
Regions of India
North	3029	22.1	315	20.4	10,054	22.2	910	11.1
Central	2032	14.8	166	10.7	12,640	27.9	2632	32.0
East	563	4.1	25	1.6	4634	10.2	2324	28.3
North East	3023	22.1	361	23.3	5675	12.5	1165	14.2
West	2823	20.6	496	32.0	4745	10.5	547	6.7
South	2223	16.2	185	12.0	7518	16.6	639	7.8
Health seeking factors
Skilled birth attendanta
No	2987	21.8	986	63.7	3950	8.7	2148	26.1
Yes	10,706	78.2	562	36.3	41,316	91.3	6069	73.9
Place of deliverya
Home	3757	27.4	1084	70.0	4629	10.2	2428	29.6
Institution	9936	72.6	464	30.0	40,637	89.8	5789	70.5
Full Immunization
No	5643	41.2	1088	70.3	15,158	33.5	3713	45.2
Yes	8050	58.8	460	29.7	30,108	66.5	4504	54.8
Full ANCa
No	11,303	82.6	1494	96.5	35,184	77.7	7501	91.3
Yes	2378	17.4	54	3.5	10,082	22.3	716	8.7

SC/ST Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe; ANC Ante-Natal Care

^aestimates only for last birth; N: Sample; % Percentage