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. 2020 Dec 3;8:211. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-01083-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Expression of inflammatory cytokines in PD and control brains. Fold change in cytokine gene expression in the PD group relative to the control group. The dotted line marks the control group (Fold change = 1 indicates same levels of gene expression as in controls. Fold-change > 1 indicates increased gene expression, while < 1 denotes decreased expression compared to controls). a In the substantia nigra, IL-1β was significantly upregulated in the PD group compared to controls (two-tailed unpaired t-test, t(17) = 2.263, p = 0.037; Control n = 5, PD n = 14). b, c No differences in cytokine expression were observed in the amygdala (two-tailed unpaired t-test, p > 0.05; Control = 5, PD = 8) and the hippocampus (two-tailed unpaired t-test, p > 0.05; Control n = 5, PD n = 13). d In the frontal cortex of PD cases, IL-1β was more highly expressed compared to controls (two-tailed unpaired t-test, t(15) = 2.278, p = 0.038; Control n = 6, PD n = 11). Fold change = 2^−∆∆CT. *p < 0.05

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