Fig. 2.

Path diagram of results shown in Table 2S. An oval indicates the latent variable, square boxes indicate the observed variables, circles indicate errors, arrows specify the direction of causal flow, an arrowed route is a path, and the estimated beta coefficients appeared along the paths. The effect of one variable on another is called direct. There was evidence of indirect effects (one variable affecting another variable which in turn affects a third), indicating that PAH exposure decreases LTL through formation of anti-B[a]PDE–DNA (tetrol).