Fig. 3.

Path diagram of results shown in Table 3S. An oval indicates the latent variable, square boxes indicate the observed variables, circles indicate errors, arrows specify the direction of causal flow, an arrowed route is a path, and the estimated beta coefficients appeared along the paths. As for LTL, PAH exposure appeared to have no direct effect on LmtDNAcn but an indirect effect through the mediation of anti-B[a]PDE–DNA (tetrol).