Table 1.
List of papers included in a scoping review of studies assessing vaccination status using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)
| Author | Year | Countries | Age of child | Vaccination outcome | Quality score |
| Bowie et al55 | 2006 | Malawi | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 4 |
| Choi and Lee56 | 2006 | India | 12–48 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Gaudin andYazbeck57 | 2006 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 3 |
| Akmatov et al58 | 2007 | Kazakhstan | 12–60 months | Full (BCG +4 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Anand and Bärnighausen29 | 2007 | Multicountry | Not specified | OPV, DTP, MCV | 3 |
| Bhandari et al59 | 2007 | Nepal | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Datar et al60 | 2007 | India | 2–35 months | OPV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Minh Thang et al61 | 2007 | Vietnam | 11–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Munthali62 | 2007 | Malawi | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 3 |
| Ntenda et al63 | 2007 | Malawi | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 6 |
| Chidiebere et al64 | 2008 | Nigeria | 0–23 months | Full (BCG +4 OPV+3Penta+1 MCV+YF) | 7 |
| Gatchell et al65 | 2008 | India | 1–3 years | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 4 |
| Halder and Kabir66 | 2008 | Bangladesh | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Meheus and Van Doorslaer30 | 2008 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | MCV | 4 |
| Patra67 | 2008 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Antai68 | 2009 | Nigeria | Older than 12 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Antai69 | 2009 | Nigeria | Older than 12 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Bondy et al70 | 2009 | Philippines | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Corsi et al71 | 2009 | India | Under 5 years | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (age dependent after 9 months) | 3 |
| Osaki et al72 | 2009 | Indonesia | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 3 |
| Sia et al73 | 2009 | Burkina Faso | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV + YF) | 6 |
| Antai74 | 2010 | Nigeria | 12 months and older | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Hong and Chhea75 | 2010 | Cambodia | 12–59 months | DTP | 8 |
| Rahman and Obaida-Nasrin76 | 2010 | Bangladesh | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Sahu et al77 | 2010 | India | Preceding two births in last 3 years | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Semali78 | 2010 | Tanzania | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +4 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Abuya79 | 2011 | Kenya | 12–35 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Antai80 | 2011 | Nigeria | 12 months and older | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Fernandez et al81 | 2011 | Indonesia | 0–59 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, HepB | 9 |
| Fernandez et al82 | 2011 | Indonesia | 0–59 months | MCV | 8 |
| Kumar and Mohanty83 | 2011 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Lauridsen et al84 | 2011 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Pandey and Lee85 | 2011 | Nepal | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Singh86 | 2011 | India | 12–48 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Afzal and Zainab87 | 2012 | Bangladesh | Under 5 years | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Antai88 | 2012 | Nigeria | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Rammohan et al31 | 2012 | Multicountry | Not specified | MCV | 5 |
| Sabarwal et al89 | 2012 | India | 12–24 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Singh90 | 2012 | India | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Wiysonge20 | 2012 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | Full (DTP3) | 6 |
| Barman and Dutta91 | 2013 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Bbaale92 | 2013 | Uganda | 0–36 months (12–36 for full) | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Haque and Bari93 | 2013 | Bangladesh | 9–59 months | MCV | 8 |
| Kumar and Ram94 | 2013 | India | 0–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Moyer et al95 | 2013 | Ethiopia | 12–24 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3Penta+4 OPV+1 MCV) | 6 |
| Singh et al96 | 2013 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Singh et al97 | 2013 | Nigeria | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Singh98 | 2013 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Van Malderen et al99 | 2013 | Kenya | 12–23 months | MCV | 6 |
| Adegboye et al100 | 2014 | Nigeria | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Bonfrer et al101 | 2014 | Burundi | Older than 1 year | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV | 7 |
| Bugvi et al102 | 2014 | Pakistan | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+4 OPV+3 HepB+1 MCV) | 9 |
| Canavan et al21 | 2014 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +4 OPV+1 MCV+3Penta) | 9 |
| Clouston et al103 | 2014 | Madagascar | 0–59 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Hib | 7 |
| Ebot104 | 2014 | Ethiopia | 12–30 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Grundy et al27 | 2014 | Multicountry | Not specified | DTP | 3 |
| Heaton et al105 | 2014 | Bolivia | Not specified | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 4 |
| Helleringer et al32 | 2014 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | OPV, SIA participation | 4 |
| Javed et al106 | 2014 | Pakistan | 12–28 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Luqman107 | 2014 | Nigeria | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +4 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Malhotra et al108 | 2014 | India | Older than 12 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Neupane and Nwaru109 | 2014 | Nepal | Not specified | Full (BCG +1 DTP+1 OPV) | 8 |
| Prusty and Kumar110 | 2014 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Rai et al111 | 2014 | Niger | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Singh and Parsuraman17 | 2014 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 5 |
| Singh et al112 | 2014 | India | 12–36 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Ushie et al113 | 2014 | Nigeria | Under 5 years | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Wagner et al22 | 2014 | Multicountry | 0–59 months | BCG | 8 |
| Zaidi et al49 | 2014 | Pakistan | 0–5 years | OPV, DTP, MCV | 9 |
| Abadura et al114 | 2015 | Ethiopia | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Ebot115 | 2015 | Ethiopia | 12–30 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Hajizadeh et al33 | 2015 | Multicountry | Under 59 months | BCG, OPV, DTP | 8 |
| Lakew et al116 | 2015 | Ethiopia | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| McGlynn et al117 | 2015 | Ghana | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 9 |
| Mukungwa118 | 2015 | Zimbabwe | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Onsomu et al119 | 2015 | Kenya | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV | 8 |
| Osetinsky et al120 | 2015 | Bolivia | 24 months - 5 years | Full (BCG +3 Polio +3 DTP+1 MMR+YF) | 6 |
| Prusty and Keshri121 | 2015 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Rossi122 | 2015 | Zimbabwe | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 9 |
| Schweitzer et al18 | 2015 | Multicountry | 12–59 months | DTP, MCV | 6 |
| Shrivastwa et al123 | 2015 | India | 12–36 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Singh et al23 | 2015 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 7 |
| Smith-Greenaway and Madhavan124 | 2015 | Benin | 1–59 months | Ever received any vaccine | 6 |
| Tsawe et al125 | 2015 | eSwatini | Not specified | Ever received any vaccine | 9 |
| Arsenault et al34 | 2016 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | DTP, MCV | 5 |
| Chima and Franzini126 | 2016 | Nigeria | 12–59 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV | 6 |
| Gurmu and Etana127 | 2016 | Ethiopia | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 6 |
| Hosseinpoor et al35 | 2016 | Multicountry | 12–23 months in most | DTP | 5 |
| Kriss et al128 | 2016 | Zimbabwe | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 OPV+3Penta+1MCV | 9 |
| Kumar et al129 | 2016 | India | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 9 |
| Restrepo-Méndez et al11 | 2016 | Multicountry | 12–23 months in most | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 6 |
| Restrepo-Méndez et al12 | 2016 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 4 |
| Schweitzer et al19 | 2016 | Multicountry | Birth - 250 weeks | DTP | 5 |
| Adedokun et al130 | 2017 | Nigeria | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3Penta+MCV) | 7 |
| Aghaji131 | 2017 | Nigeria | 12–23 months | MCV | 4 |
| Ambe et al132 | 2017 | Ethiopia | 12–23 months | MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1MCV | 4 |
| Arsenault et al10 | 2017 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | DTP, MCV | 8 |
| Delprato and Akyeampong36 | 2017 | Multicountry | Not specified | Full (BCG +DTP + OPV+MCV (no. unspecified)) | 5 |
| Herliana and Douiri133 | 2017 | Indonesia | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+4 OPV+1 MCV+1HepB | 9 |
| Kazungu and Adetifa24 | 2017 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 7 |
| Kc et al134 | 2017 | Nepal | Not specified | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 6 |
| Khan et al135 | 2017 | Pakistan | Under 5 years | OPV | 7 |
| Mbengue et al136 | 2017 | Senegal | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3Penta+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 8 |
| Oleribe et al137 | 2017 | Nigeria | 12–24 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV dose +1 MCV) | 5 |
| Singh and Patel138 | 2017 | India | 12–13 months | Full (Not defined) | 6 |
| Uthman et al139 | 2017 | Nigeria | 12–23 months | OPV | 9 |
| Zuhai and Roy140 | 2017 | India | Not specified | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV | 7 |
| Acharya et al141 | 2018 | DRC | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 9 |
| Adetokunboh et al25 | 2018 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | DTP | 6 |
| Adetokunboh et al26 | 2018 | Multicountry | 12–23 months | DTP | 4 |
| Ashbaugh et al142 | 2018 | DRC | 6–59 months | MCV | 9 |
| Asuman et al143 | 2018 | Ghana | 12–59 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 8 |
| Boulton et al144 | 2018 | Bangladesh | 12–24 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3Penta+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 7 |
| Burroway and Hargrove145 | 2018 | Nigeria | 12–24 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+4 OPV+1 MCV) | 7 |
| Imran et al146 | 2018 | Pakistan | 12–23 months | OPV | 7 |
| Khan et al147 | 2018 | India | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 9 |
| Kols et al148 | 2018 | Pakistan | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 9 |
| McGavin et al149 | 2018 | Nigeria | 12–24 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+4 OPV+1 MCV) | 9 |
| Raza et al150 | 2018 | Pakistan | 12–23 months | Full (BCG +3 DTP+3 OPV+3 HepB+3 Hib+1 MCV) | 5 |
| Shenton et al151 | 2018 | Afghanistan | 12–60 months | Full (BCG +3Penta+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 10 |
| Shenton et al152 | 2018 | India | 12–48 months | Full (BCG +3 OPV+3 DTP+MCV) | 8 |
| Sohn et al28 | 2018 | Multicountry | Not specified | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV | 7 |
| Lungu et al153 | 2019 | Malawi | Not specified | Full (not specified) | 1 |
| Masters et al154 | 2019 | Kenya | 12–23 months | BCG, OPV, DTP, MCV, Full (BCG +3Penta+3 OPV+1 MCV) | 10 |
| Vyas et al155 | 2019 | Bangladesh | Not specified | BCG, DTP, MCV | 3 |
DRC, democratic republic of the Congo; DTP, diphtheria –tetanus-pertussis vaccine; HepB, hepatitis B vaccine; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; MCV, measles-containing vaccine; MMR, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine; OPV, oral polio vaccine; Penta, pentavalent vaccine; SIA, supplementary immunisation activity; YF, yellow fever.