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. 2020 Dec 3;10:21014. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77147-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Enhanced backscattering by embedding nano-reflectors into sensing fiber. (a) Roll-to-roll setup of ultrafast laser direct writing. (b) Six nano-reflectors with Rayleigh enhancement of over 35 dB along 21 m of fiber. (c) Schematic diagram of the homodyne φ-OTDR sensing system inscribed with nano-reflectors. (d) Temporal profiles of intrinsic and enhanced Rayleigh backscattering signal detected by three photodetectors (PD1–3). (SOA: semiconductor optical amplifier; EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier; DAQ: data acquisition; FRMs: Faraday rotation mirrors).