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. 2020 Dec 3;10:21066. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78121-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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EVs from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can protect other bacterial species from ampicillin-induced growth inhibition. (a) Representative growth profiles of Escherichia coli (RC85), Edwardsiella tarda (ED45), and Salmonella spp. (Sal26B) cells in the presence of a growth-inhibiting concentration of ampicillin (30 μg/mL) plus increasing amounts of EVs from stress conditions or normal conditions. The data were presented as means and SEMs of at least three independent experiments. (b) The survival percentages of RC85, ED45, and Sal26B cells were calculated by counting CFUs at specific time points (12 h) from cultures grown with 30 μg/mL ampicillin and increasing quantities of EVs from stress condition or normal condition. CFU of respective bacterial cells in medium without ampicillin was used as a positive control and taken as 100%, and the corresponding CFU of samples was calculated. The data were presented as means and SEMs of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.