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. 2020 Dec 3;10:21066. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78121-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison and analysis of β-lactamase activity of supernatant (sup), whole-cell lysate (wcl), and EVs isolated from stressed strain and normal strain. ‘S’ means stressed and ‘N’ means normal. (a) β-Lactamase activity profiles of respective samples, as examined by measuring absorbance at 490 nm in kinetic mode. (b) EVs from cultures of ST692 cells treated with 64, 16, 4, 1 μg/mL ampicillin, or untreated were assayed for β-lactamase activity. (c) β-Lactamase activities expressed per milligram of protein. (d) The effects of the β-lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam, were examined by growth curve experiments of β-lactam-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus treated with six antibiotics (ampicillin, 40 μg/mL; cefoperazone, 8 μg/mL; cefazolin, 1.25 μg/mL; amoxicillin, 40 μg/mL; cefalexin, 4 μg/mL; cloxacillin 1.25 μg/mL) plus sulbactam in the presence of 25 μg/mL EV_Strs or EV_Nor. All data were presented as means and SEMs of three independent experiments. ****P < 0.0001.