Table 3.
Association between placental malaria and other malaria outcomes during infancy
| Outcome measure | Infant category | Placental malaria categories | Number of cases (incidence PPY) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | p-value | IRR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Incidence of complicated malaria | All | No PM (351) | 30 (0.092) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Active PM (78) | 12 (0.17) | 1.89 (0.93–3.87) | 0.08 | 1.72 (0.81–3.66) | 0.16 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (181) | 14 (0.09) | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | 0.91 | 0.99 (0.52–1.92) | 0.98 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (46) | 9 (0.21) | 2.30 (0.97–5.43) | 0.06 | 2.44 (0.93–6.37) | 0.07 | ||
| Male | No PM (168) | 13 (0.08) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
| Active PM (45) | 6 (0.04) | 1.78 (0.63–5.02) | 0.27 | 1.18 (0.39–3.62) | 0.77 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (90) | 11 (0.14) | 1.68 (0.76–3.68) | 0.20 | 1.54 (0.44–3.45) | 0.30 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (17) | 6 (0.39) | 4.61 (1.50–14.22) | 0.008 | 3.88 (1.14–13.03) | 0.03 | ||
| Female | No PM (183) | 17 (0.10) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
| Active PM (33) | 6 (0.21) | 2.09 (0.78–5.64) | 0.15 | 2.60 (0.91–7.44) | 0.14 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (91) | 3 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.11–1.29) | 0.12 | 0.44 (0.13–1.54) | 0.20 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (29) | 3 (0.11) | 1.12 (0.34–3.66) | 0.85 | 1.63 (0.46–5.81) | 0.45 | ||
| Prevalence measures | Infant category | Placental malaria categories | Prevalence n/N (%) | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of prasitaemia | All | No PM (351) | 377/4170 (9.0%) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| Active PM (78) | 82/858 (9.6%) | 1.07 (0.76–1.52) | 0.70 | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 0.36 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (181) | 154/1993 (7.7%) | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | 0.26 | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.28 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (46) | 61/542 (11.3%) | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 0.30 | 1.38 (0.90–2.10) | 0.14 | ||
| Male | No PM (168) | 170/1964 (8.7%) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
| Active PM (45) | 50/498 (10.0%) | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | 0.52 | 1.19 (0.71–2.00) | 0.51 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (90) | 70/976 (7.2%) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.29 | 0.87 (0.58–1.31) | 0.50 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (17) | 31/191 (16.2%) | 1.80 (1.08–2.99) | 0.02 | 2.24 (1.34–3.74) | 0.002 | ||
| Female | No PM (183) | 207/2206 (9.4%) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
| Active PM (33) | 32/360 (8.9%) | 0.97 (0.57–1.66) | 0.91 | 1.05 (0.61–1.83) | 0.85 | ||
| Past PM (mild-mod) (91) | 84/1017 (8.3%) | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 0.57 | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.24 | ||
| Past PM (severe) (29) | 31/351 (8.6%) | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) | 0.70 | 0.86 (0.48–1.52) | 0.60 | ||
CI confidence interval, IRR incidence rate ratio, mild-mod mild-moderate, PM placental malaria, PPY per person year
aAdjusted for gravidity, maternal IPTp, maternal parasitaemia at enrolment, and household type
No PM no parasites or pigment detected, active PM parasites detected with or without pigment, past PM (mild-mod) = > 0–20% of high-power fields with pigment but no parasites; past PM(severe) = > 20%–60% of high-power fields with pigment but no parasites