. 2020 Dec 3;19:449. doi: 10.1186/s12936-020-03522-z

Table 4.

Association between placental malaria and non-malaria outcomes in infants during the first year of life

Outcome measure	Placental malaria category (N)	Number of cases (incidence PPY)	Unadjusted		Adjusted^a
Outcome measure	Placental malaria category (N)	Number of cases (incidence PPY)	IRR (95% CI)	p-value	IRR (95% CI)	p-value
Incidence of all-cause hospitalisations	No PM (351)	9 (0.027)	Reference group		Reference group
	Active PM (78)	3 (0.044)	1.66 (0.40–7.00)	0.49	1.14 (0.22–5.98)	0.87
	Past PM (mild-mod) (181)	7 (0.044)	1.72 (0.58–5.12)	0.33	1.26 (0.44–3.64)	0.66
	Past PM (severe (46)	6 (0.141)	4.85 (1.38–17.00)	0.01	2.90 (0.59–14.44)	0.19
Incidence of non-malarial febrile illnesses	No PM (351)	1128 (3.45)	Reference group		Reference group
	Active PM (78)	203 (2.95)	0.86 (0.72–1.03)	0.10	0.84 (0.64–1.10)	0.20
	Past PM (mild-mod) (181)	536 (3.40)	0.98 (0.86–1.13)	0.82	1.03 (0.84–1.25)	0.79
	Past PM (severe (46)	152 (3.58)	1.04 (0.85–1.26)	0.72	1.06 (0.72–1.57)	0.76

Prevalence measures	Categories	Prevalence n/N (%)	Risk ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Anaemia^c	No PM (351)	227/934 (24.3%)	Reference group		Reference group
	Active PM (78)	48/190 (25.3%)	1.07 (0.76–1.50)	0.69	1.00 (0.69–1.47)	0.98
	Past PM (mild-mod) (181)	106/441 (24.0%)	1.01 (0.80–1.29)	0.92	0.94 (0.73–1.22)	0.64
	Past PM (severe (46)	37/118 (31.4%)	1.29 (0.94–1.77)	0.12	1.16 (0.79–1.70)	0.44

CI confidence interval, IRR incidence rate ratio, mild-mod mild-moderate, PM placental malaria

^aAdjusted for gravidity, maternal IPTp, maternal parasitaemia at enrolment, and household type

^b Defined as haemoglobin < 10 g/dL measured routinely at 12, 28, and 52 weeks of age

No PM no parasites or pigment detected, active PM parasites detected with or without pigment, past PM (mild-mod) > 0–20% of high-power fields with pigment but no parasites, past PM (severe) > 20%–60% of high-power fields with pigment but no parasites