Table 1.
Summary of In Vitro Stem Cell Models for SARS-CoV-2 in Various Organ Systems
| Cell Types | Stem Cell Model | Culture Method | SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility | Cell-Type-Specific Effects | Immune Response | Relevant Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | ||||||
| Alveolar type 2 cells | Adult stem cells | 2D | Yes | Decreased expression of surfactant protein, cell death | Type I response in both studies with an MOI of 1 and ISG stimulation | Youk et al., 2020; Katsura et al., 2020; Tindle et al., 2020 |
| Alveolar type 2 cells | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Decreased expression of surfactant proteins, cell death | Delayed type I interferon response with an MOI of 5 and ISG stimulation | Huang et al., 2020 |
| Airway cells | Adult stem cells | Pseudo-stratified layer | Yes | Cell death | Increase in interferon genes 72 h post infection with an MOI of 0.1 | Lamers et al., 2020; Tindle et al., 2020; Purkayastha et al., 2020 |
| Airway cells | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Not discussed | Not discussed | Samuel et al., 2020; Duan et al., 2020 |
| Gut | ||||||
| Ileal organoid | Adult stem cells | 2D/3D | Yes | Cell death observed | Types I and III IFN responses after 24 h with an MOI of 0.1 | Zang et al., 2020; Lamers et al., 2020 |
| Colonoids | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Not discussed | TNF and IL-17 signatures reported after 24 h with an MOI of 0.1 | Han et al., 2020 |
| Heart | ||||||
| Cardiomyocytes | iPSC derived | 2D | Yes | Impairment of contraction, fragmentation of troponin T, cell death | Type I interferon response and ISG stimulation at MOI 0.01 | Pérez-Bermejo et al., 2020, Samuel et al., 2020; Bojkova et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020 |
| Brain | ||||||
| Neurons | iPSC derived | 2D/3D | Conflicting evidence | Abnormally localized Tau protein, cell death | Not discussed | Ramani et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Jacob et al., 2020; Pellegrini et al., 2020 |
| Astrocytes | iPSC derived | 2D | Low | N/A | N/A | Jacob et al., 2020 |
| Microglia | iPSC derived | 2D | Low | N/A | N/A | Yang et al., 2020; Jacob et al., 2020 |
| Choroid plexus | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Disruption of ion transport and cell adhesion pathways | Inflammatory cytokines induced at MOI ~0.1 after 24 h | Pellegrini et al., 2020; Jacob et al., 2020 |
| Pancreas | ||||||
| Endocrine cells | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Upregulation of insulin resistance and cell death pathways | Chemokine induction at 24 h after MOI 0.01 | Yang et al., 2020 |
| Kidney | ||||||
| Capillary organoids | iPSC derived | 3D | Yes | Not discussed | Not discussed | Monteil et al., 2020 |
| Liver | ||||||
| Hepatocytes | Adult stem cells | 3D | Yes | Metabolism pathways downregulated | Chemokine, IL-17, TNF and NFkB signaling at MOI 0.1 at 24 h | Yang et al., 2020 |
| Cholangiocytes | Adult stem cells | 3D | Yes | Not discussed | Chemokine and IL-17 signaling pathway activated at MOI 0.1 at 24 h | Yang et al., 2020 |