Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohorts
| (a) Validation of subtyping methods in AD dementia patients (sMRI cohort) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC (Aβ−) | AD dementia (Aβ+) | P-value | |||
| N | 70 | 89 | |||
| Sex (F,%) | 51 | 39 | 0.139 | ||
| Age (years) | 75.15 ± 5.22 [62, 89] | 74.73 ± 7.72 [57, 88] | 0.757 | ||
| Education (years) | 15.66 ± 2.65 [8, 20] | 15.16 ± 3.24 [4, 20] | 0.402 | ||
| APOE ε4 carriers (%) | 10 | 74 | <0.0001 | ||
| MMSE | 29.04 ± 1.10 [25, 30] | 23.48 ± 1.87 [20, 26] | <0.0001 | ||
| Word recall task | 2.86 ± 1.17 [0 5.67] | 6.24 ± 1.34 [3.33, 9.33] | <0.0001 | ||
| Naming objects and fingers | 0.08 ± 0.28 [0, 1] | 0.43 ± 0.56 [0, 2] | <0.0001 | ||
| Following commands | 0.05 ± 0.23 [0, 1] | 0.40 ± 0.63 [0, 3] | <0.0001 | ||
| Constructional praxis | 0.41 ± 0.49 [0, 1] | 0.91 ± 0.65 [0, 3] | <0.0001 | ||
| Ideational praxis | 0.05 ± 0.23 [0, 1] | 0.33 ± 0.72 [0, 5] | 0.0007 | ||
| Orientation | 0.12 ± 0.37 [0, 2] | 2.06 ± 1.61 [0, 7] | <0.0001 | ||
| Word recognition task | 2.38 ± 2.24 [0, 12] | 6.51 ± 2.88 [1, 2] | <0.0001 | ||
| Recall of test instructions | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0.31 ± 0.88 [0, 5] | 0.0005 | ||
| Spoken language | 0.02 ± 0.16 [0, 1] | 0.30 ± 0.64 [0, 3] | 0.0006 | ||
| Word finding difficulty | 0.04 ± 0.20 [0, 1] | 0.59 ± 0.95 [0, 4] | <0.0001 | ||
| ADAS total score | 6.06 ± 2.79 [1.67, 14.33] | 18.38 ± 6.26 [8.67, 42.67] | <0.0001 | ||
|
| |||||
| (b) Subtyping methods in prodromal AD and AD dementia patients (sMRI-tauPET cohort) | |||||
|
| |||||
| HC (Aβ−) | Prodromal AD (Aβ+) | AD dementia (Aβ+) | P-value | ||
|
| |||||
| N | 200 | 54 | 30 | ||
| Sex (F, %) | 59 | 48 | 50 | 0.285 | |
| Age (years) | 70.45 ± 5.65 [55.8, 89]a | 74.09 ± 7.34 [59.4, 90.1]a | 77.46 ± 8.27 [55.9, 91.2]a | <0.0001 | |
| Education (years) | 16.90 ± 2.31 [11, 20]a | 15.76 ± 2.66 [12, 20]b | 15.77 ± 2.57 [12, 20]b | 0.002 | |
| APOE ε4 carriers (%) | 22 | 61 | 53 | <0.0001 | |
| MMSE | 29.24 ± 1.05 [23, 30]a | 27.48 ± 2.30 [19, 30]a | 22.13 ± 4.23 [9, 30]a | <0.0001 | |
| Word recall task | 2.36 ± 1.81 [0 6]a | 4.34 ± 1.49 [1, 7]a | 6.09 ± 1.61 [3, 10]a | <0.0001 | |
| Naming objects and fingers | 0.03 ± 0.37 [0, 3] | 0.04 ± 0.19 [0, 1]b | 0.56 ± 0.89 [0, 3]b | <0.0001 | |
| Following commands | 0.06 ± 0.24 [0, 1] | 0.22 ± 0.41 [0, 1]b | 0.40 ± 0.91 [0, 3]b | 0.0011 | |
| Constructional praxis | 0.33 ± 0.55 [0, 3] | 0.48 ± 0.57 [0, 2] | 0.72 ± 0.79 [0, 3]b | 0.0084 | |
| Ideational praxis | 0.05 ± 0.38 [0, 5] | 0.08 ± 0.34 [0, 2] | 0.28 ± 0.54 [0, 2]b | <0.0001 | |
| Orientation | 0.09 ± 0.29 [0, 1]a | 0.50 ± 0.73 [0, 3]a | 2.8 ± 2.1 [0, 7]a | <0.0001 | |
| Word recognition task | 4.92 ± 1.91 [0, 10]a | 5.9 ± 2.77 [0, 12]a | 9.28 ± 2.73 [3, 12]a | <0.0001 | |
| Recall of test instructions | 0.005 ± 0.07 [0, 1] | 0.14 ± 0.53 [0, 3]b | 0.95 ± 1.39 [0, 5]b | <0.0001 | |
| Spoken language | 0.005 ± 0.07 [0, 1]a | 0.04 ± 0.19 [0, 1]a | 0.44 ± 1.00 [0, 4]a | <0.0001 | |
| Word finding difficulty | 0.04 ± 0.27 [0, 3]a | 0.18 ± 0.43 [0, 2]a | 0.88 ± 1.05 [0, 3]a | <0.0001 | |
| ADAS total score | 8.08 ± 2.86 [1, 19.33]a | 11.98 ± 4.66 [3, 24]a | 21.68 ± 7.48 [7, 37]a | <0.0001 | |
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation [minimum, maximum]; Hypothesis testing was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for the continuous variables and χ2 test for the nominal variables. Additionally, the Kruskal–Wallis test was performed pairwise between groups in the sMRI-tauPET cohort.
AD = Alzheimer’s disease; ADAS = Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; APOE = apolipoprotein; Aβ = amyloid-beta; F = female; HC = healthy control; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; PET = positron emission tomography; sMRI = structural MRI.
a
Significantly different from each of the other two groups.
b
Significantly different from HC group only.