Table 2.

Top dysregulated genes in Rai1^+/− mouse hypothalamus

Gene symbol	Differential P-valuea	Fold change	Gene name	Functions	Associated cellular functions or phenotypesb
Hoxa5	<0.0001	−223.2415	Homeobox A5	Transcription factor	Tumorigenesis, anterior–posterior axis
Hoxb6	<0.0001	−109.6210	Homeobox B6	Transcription factor, Antp homeobox family	Embryonic development; anterior–posterior development; leukemia; colon cancer
Gh	<0.0001	−82.7727	Growth hormone	Somatotropin/PRL hormone family	Growth control, obesity, dwarfism, acromegaly, Kowarski syndrome
Pcp2	<0.0001	−75.9074	Purkinje cell protein 2	GTPase activator, guanine nucleotide exchange factor	Purkinje cell degeneration; cell-type-specific modulator for G protein-mediated cell signaling
Prl	<0.0001	−36.0794	Prolactin, precursor	Cytokine hormone	Glucocorticoid receptor signaling, hyperinsulinemia; promotes lactation; supports pregnancy
Hoxb5	<0.0001	−17.3255	Homeobox B5	Transcription factor	Lung and gut development; acute myeloid leukemia
Slc22a6	<0.0001	−15.0388	Solute carrier family 22, member 6	Organic anion transporter	Renal sodium-independent organic anion transport and excretion
Prg4	<0.0001	−12.3189	Proteoglycan 4	Chondrocyte-specific proteoglycan	Elastic absorption and energy dissipation of synovial fluid on surface of articular cartilage; prevents protein deposition onto cartilage; mutations result in camptodactyly–arthropathy–coxa vara–pericarditis syndrome
Slc6a12	<0.0001	−7.1673	Solute carrier family 6, member 12	Neurotransmitter transporter	GABA receptor signaling; epilepsy, generalized anxiety disorder
Pomc	<0.0001	−5.2112	Propiomelanocortin	Melanocortin hormone precursor; 10 peptide hormones produced	Energy homeostasis; immune modulation; adrenocorticotrophin is essential for normal steroidogenesis and maintenance of normal adrenal weight; several distinct melanotropins, lipotropins and endorphins are contained within the adrenocorticotrophin and beta-lipotropin peptides; mutations associated with early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation; ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol; MSH increases the pigmentation of skin by increasing melanin production in melanocytes; beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin are endogenous opiates involved in pain homeostasis
En1	<0.0001	−4.8849	Engrailed homeobox 1	Transcription factor	Development; segmentation in Drosophila; pattern formation
Myoc	<0.0001	−4.3210	Myocilin	Trabecular meshwork glucocorticoid-inducible response protein	Cytoskeletal function, regulation of intraocular pressure in trabecular network; mutation causes hereditary juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma
Dpp4	0.0022	−4.2198	Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; DPP-IV; CD26	Membrane glycoprotein; adenosine deaminase complexing protein-2; T-cell activation antigen CD26	Intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides; ubiquitous, membrane-bound enzyme that has roles in T-cell activation, nutrition, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, obesity; metabolism, immune and endocrine systems, bone marrow mobilization, cancer growth and cell adhesion
Irx2	<0.0001	−3.6987	Iroquois homeobox 2	Transcription factor	Pattern formation of vertebrate embryos
Slc38a5	0.0017	−3.2475	Solute carrier family 38, member 5	Amino acid transporter	Na-coupled transport of neutral amino acids, mental retardation
Rbm3	0.0038	2.04	RNA-binding motif protein 3, RNP1	RNA processing, cell cycle	Glycine-rich RNA-binding protein family; encodes a protein with one RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain; expression is induced by cold shock and low oxygen tension
Wnk	0.0060	2.21	Wnk lysine deficient protein kinase 1	Cytoplasmic serine–threonine kinase expressed in distal nephron	Controls sodium and chloride ion transport by inhibiting the activity of WNK4; may play a role in actin cytoskeletal reorganization
Ripk4	0.0039	2.77	Receptor-interacting serine–threonine kinase 4	Serine/threonine protein kinase	Interacts with protein kinase C-delta; can activate NFkappaB; required for keratinocyte differentiation
Sgk	0.0015	3.04	Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase	Cellular stress response	Kinase activates certain potassium, sodium and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability and renal sodium excretion; high levels of expression may contribute to conditions such as hypertension and diabetic nephropathy
Arhgef10	0.0025	3.94	Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 10	Rho GTPase	May form complex with G proteins and stimulate Rho-dependent signals; role in developmental myelination of peripheral nerves

^aGenes were identified using differential expression P-values and ranked fold change.

^bFunctional information from Entrez Gene, RefSeq and Ingenuity. A complete list of dysregulated genes is provided in Supplementary Material.