Table 4. Prevalence of PLF types by sociodemographic and birth-related factors and PR.
| Formula (n,%) | cPR (95% CI) | aPR (95%) | Other milk (n,%) | cPR (95% CI) | aPR (95%) | Honey (n,%) | cPR (95% CI) | aPR (95%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||||
| Maternal age | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 70 | 32.6 | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 27 | 15.6 | 0.76 (0.48–1.19) | 15 | 10.1 | 1.51 (0.77–2.95) | |||
| 20–24 | 313 | 34.6 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 162 | 21.0 | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 57 | 7.5 | 1.12 (0.72–1.75) | |||
| 25–29 | 433 | 31.7 | ref | 221 | 20.6 | ref | 79 | 6.7 | ref | |||
| 30–34 | 382 | 29.4 | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) | 216 | 21.5 | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 67 | 5.0 | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | |||
| ≥35 | 372 | 30.3 | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 185 | 19.1 | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 42 | 3.7 | 0.55 (0.35–0.88) | |||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| None/primary | 281 | 27.3 | 0.84 (0.74–0.97) | 152 | 17.5 | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 73 | 7.8 | 1.49 (1.03–2.16) | |||
| Secondary | 919 | 32.4 | Ref | 473 | 20.7 | ref | 136 | 5.2 | ref | |||
| Higher | 370 | 33.3 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 186 | 23.1 | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 51 | 5.5 | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | |||
| Wealth quintile-urban | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (least affluent) | 62 | 34.5 | ref | ref | 26 | 17.8 | ref | ref | 18 | 12.0 | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 122 | 26.7 | 1 (0.94–1.06)* | 0.98 (0.92–1.04)* | 69 | 20.1 | 1.06 (0.97–1.16)* | 1.02 (0.94–1.12)* | 12 | 3.7 | 0.73 (0.61–0.87)* | 0.87 (0.74–1.04)* |
| Q3 | 174 | 29.8 | 100 | 19.2 | 29 | 6.0 | ||||||
| Q4 | 213 | 29.1 | 117 | 20.9 | 16 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Q5 (most affluent) | 243 | 30.0 | 130 | 22.8 | 22 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Wealth quintile-rural | ||||||||||||
| Q1 (least affluent) | 217 | 23.2 | ref | ref | 112 | 14.7 | ref | ref | 82 | 8.4 | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 214 | 33.7 | 1.15 (1.08–1.22)* | 1.12 (1.06–1.19)* | 98 | 18.3 | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)* | 1.14 (1.04–1.24)* | 36 | 7.7 | 0.93 (0.80–1.09)* | 1.12 (0.97–1.29)* |
| Q3 | 135 | 38.8 | 74 | 23.9 | 18 | 5.8 | ||||||
| Q4 | 128 | 44.8 | 52 | 29.3 | 16 | 9.0 | ||||||
| Q5 (most affluent) | 62 | 35.7 | 33 | 20.9 | 11 | 5.1 | ||||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 814 | 29.5 | ref | - | 442 | 20.9 | ref | - | 97 | 4.2 | ref | - |
| Rural | 756 | 33.2 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 369 | 19.8 | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 163 | 7.6 | 1.81 (1.28–2.55) | |||
| Birth-related factors | ||||||||||||
| Sex of the child | ||||||||||||
| Male | 812 | 31.1 | ref | 418 | 19.9 | ref | 143 | 6.1 | ref | |||
| Female | 758 | 31.7 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 393 | 20.8 | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 117 | 5.6 | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | |||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First | 585 | 38.0 | ref | ref | 300 | 24.7 | ref | ref | 97 | 7.9 | ref | ref |
| Second/later | 985 | 28.3 | 0.75 (0.67–0.83) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 511 | 18.5 | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 0.77 (0.66–0.89) | 163 | 5.0 | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) | 0.60 (0.45–0.81) |
| Perceived birth size | ||||||||||||
| Larger than average | 533 | 32.3 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.1 (0.98–1.23) | 264 | 20.5 | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 77 | 5.4 | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | |
| Average | 830 | 29.5 | ref | ref | 429 | 19.1 | ref | ref | 154 | 6.1 | ref | |
| Smaller than average | 207 | 39.3 | 1.33 (1.15–1.54) | 1.27 (1.11–1.47) | 118 | 27.4 | 1.43 (1.16–1.77) | 1.42 (1.15–1.75) | 29 | 6.1 | 1.00 (0.61–1.65) | |
| Place and mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Home | 252 | 29.8 | ref | ref | 111 | 15.3 | ref | ref | 109 | 16.1 | ref | ref |
| Public facility-vaginal | 376 | 25.0 | 0.84 (0.69–1.01) | 0.92 (0.76–1.1) | 194 | 16.4 | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) | 1.18 (0.9–1.55) | 81 | 5.5 | 0.34 (0.23–0.50) | 0.38 (0.26–0.56) |
| Public facility-caesarean | 210 | 49.2 | 1.65 (1.36–2.01) | 1.54 (1.27–1.87) | 110 | 36.7 | 2.39 (1.81–3.18) | 2.26 (1.70–3.00) | 16 | 5.7 | 0.35 (0.17–0.71) | 0.36 (0.17–0.74) |
| Private facility-vaginal | 511 | 30.3 | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 279 | 20.1 | 1.31 (1.02–1.69) | 1.43 (1.09–1.86) | 45 | 3.0 | 0.19 (0.12–0.29) | 0.22 (0.14–0.36) |
| Private facility-caesarean | 221 | 42.3 | 1.42 (1.16–1.72) | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 117 | 29.0 | 1.90 (1.42–2.53) | 1.77 (1.31–2.41) | 9 | 1.5 | 0.09 (0.04–0.21) | 0.10 (0.04–0.23) |
| Antenatal card | ||||||||||||
| No | 173 | 34.3 | ref | 106 | 27.4 | ref | ref | 27 | 6.5 | ref | ||
| Yes | 1397 | 31.1 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 705 | 19.7 | 0.72 (0.58–0.90) | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) | 233 | 5.8 | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | ||
| Immediate skin-to-skin | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 781 | 26.1 | ref | ref | 410 | 16.9 | ref | ref | 125 | 4.4 | ref | ref |
| No | 789 | 40.7 | 1.56 (1.4–1.73) | 1.44 (1.29–1.60) | 401 | 27.0 | 1.59 (1.36–1.86) | 1.49 (1.27–1.75) | 135 | 9.0 | 2.06 (1.51–2.81) | 1.52 (1.11–2.09) |
(*) = wealth quintile as continuous variable; bold figure = statistically significant; n = unweighted count; % = weighted percent.