Table 2.
Overview of biomarker signals in each of the three cohorts
| Cohort 1 (Discovery Cohort) | Cohort 2 (Recalled Cohort) | Cohort 3 (Validation Cohort) | Findings from the literature | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70672835 (SHANK2) | Methylation | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | Genetic variants of SHANK2 associated with schizophrenia [30] |
| 75938326 (C2orf3) | Methylation | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| 75938338 (C2orf3) | Methylation | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| AFM-LPN | Protein | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| cg01208318 | Methylation | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| cg03405026 (MLH1) | Methylation | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| cg03433241 | Methylation | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |
| cg04112106 (CES2) | Methylation | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |
| cg15687973 (PDE9A) | Methylation | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | PDE9A expression has been associated with monoamine neurotransmitter regulation and depression [31] |
| cg17137457 (CPT1B) | Methylation | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | CPT1B expression has been associated with rodent stress and human PTSD [32] |
| cg20578780 | Methylation | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| cg26454601 (MDC1) | Methylation | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |
| CPN1-IVQ | Protein | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| CPN2-LLN | Protein | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| CTSS-GID | Protein | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | |
| F10-NCE | Protein | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | Decreased coagulation in PTSD [10] |
| Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (GABR) | Metabolite | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | GABR is decreased in patients with MDD [33]; previous decreased PTSD finding published in [34] |
| Gammaglutamyltyrosine | Metabolite | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Gammaglutamyltyrosine negatively correlated with leukocyte telomere length [35] |
| heart rate | Physiological | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Elevated heart rate following trauma associated with development of PTSD [36] |
| hsa-miR-133a-3p | miRNA | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| hsa-miR-192-5p | miRNA | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | Abundant in liver; associated with obesity and diabetes [37,38] |
| hsa-miR-424-3p | miRNA | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | miR-424-3p has been associated with inflammation [39] |
| hsa-miR-9-5p | miRNA | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | Enriched in brain tissue and regulates neurogenesis [40] |
| Insulin | Clinical Labs | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Increased insulin resistance in veterans with PTSD [41] |
| ITIH2-VQF | Protein | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |
| Lactate/citrate | Metabolite | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Lactate has been considered panic-inducing in both Panic Disorder and PTSD [42] |
| Mean platelet volume | Clinical Labs | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Increased mean platelet volume associated with panic disorder [43] and major depression [44] |
| PTGDS-AQG | Protein | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | Prostaglandin dysregulation has been associated with both rodent stress models of PTSD and in pathways related to human PTSD [45, 46] |
Arrows indicate upregulated and downregulated signals, respectively. Underlined arrows indicate consistent signals across all three cohorts, while non-underlined arrows indicate contradictory signal directions