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. 2019 Aug 20;25(12):3380–3398. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0483-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Impaired hippocampal spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 at 15–17 weeks of age. a Spatial learning was assessed at 15–17 weeks of age in a Morris water maze (MWM) by measuring the time required to find the hidden platform on 4 consecutive training days (T1–4). APP/PS1 mice showed a significant learning impairment (genotype × training two-way repeated measures ANOVA: n = 13/14 mice per genotype, F_1,27 = 14.45, p = 0.001). b Average swim velocity during the training did not differ between APP/PS1 mice and WT controls (Student’s t test: n = 13/14 mice per genotype, p = 0.63). c Spatial memory was assessed measuring the relative time spent in each quadrant of the maze during a 1-min probe trial with the platform removed. d WT mice spent significantly more time in the target quadrant (TQ) compared with APP/PS1 mice (BR, bottom-right; BL, bottom-left; TR, top-right) (Student’s t test: n = 13/14 mice per genotype, *p < 0.05). Compared with chance level (dashed line), WT mice spent significantly more time in the target quadrant and APP/PS1 mice did not (Student’s t test: p < 0.05)