Table 1.
The differences among sample characteristics, life events, resilience, self-esteem, and coping style (N = 981).
| Variable | N (%) | Life events | Resilience | Self-esteem | Coping style | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | t or F | P | Mean (SD) | t or F | P | Mean (SD) | t or F | P | Mean (SD) | t or F | P | ||
| Gender | t = 0.844 | 0.399 | t = 0.010 | 0.992 | t = 0.313 | 0.755 | t = 0.970 | 0.567 | |||||
| Male | 509 (51.9) | 49.60 (23.63) | 87.02 (14.80) | 27.42 (5.53) | 27.12 (9.14) | ||||||||
| Female | 472 (48.1) | 48.32 (23.86) | 87.01 (16.06) | 27.31 (5.07) | 26.79 (8.96) | ||||||||
| Grade | F = 1.121 | 0.326 | F = 0.655 | 0.520 | F = 0.059 | 0.943 | F = 1.533 | 0.216 | |||||
| Seventh grade | 300 (30.6) | 50.06 (24.06) | 90.88 (17.50) | 27.29 (6.44) | 26.54 (8.77) | ||||||||
| Eighth grade | 349 (35.6) | 47.47 (21.93) | 90.78 (15.26) | 27.30 (4.77) | 26.83 (9.21) | ||||||||
| Ninth grade | 332 (33.8) | 49.59 (25.21) | 89.55 (16.94) | 27.43 (5.54) | 27.75 (9.51) | ||||||||
| Annual income (in RMB) | F = 2.813 | 0.038* | F = 7.190 | 0.000** | F = 2.023 | 0.109 | F = 4.179 | 0.006** | |||||
| <10,000 | 162 (16.5) | 53.88 (25.53) | 88.87 (15.72) | 28.09 (6.61) | 28.39 (9.25) | ||||||||
| 10,000–20,000 | 154 (15.7) | 47.71 (25.56) | 95.09 (18.96) | 27.72 (6.02) | 28.70 (9.38) | ||||||||
| >20,000 | 138 (14.1) | 48.61 (21.98) | 92.78 (18.15) | 27.45 (5.12) | 26.44 (10.48) | ||||||||
| Unclear | 527 (53.7) | 47.94 (22.92) | 88.87 (15.24) | 26.97 (5.18) | 26.31 (8.65) | ||||||||
| Source of income | F = 0.742 | 0.527 | F = 3.308 | 0.020* | F = 2.106 | 0.098 | F = 1.688 | 0.168 | |||||
| Agriculture | 49 (5.0) | 48.02 (24.41) | 89.56 (14.87) | 28.04 (5.80) | 27.37 (9.33) | ||||||||
| Business | 81 (8.3) | 45.40 (24.13) | 95.70 (19.16) | 28.63 (5.43) | 29.03 (8.72) | ||||||||
| Out-migrant for work | 768 (78.3) | 49.44 (23.64) | 90.10 (16.46) | 27.22 (5.59) | 26.93 (9.38) | ||||||||
| Others | 83 (8.5) | 48.77 (23.98) | 88.46 (14.59) | 26.77 (5.37) | 25.99 (7.40) | ||||||||
| Only one child | t = 1.284 | 0.201 | t = 0.442 | 0.659 | t = 0.999 | 0.318 | t = −1.751 | 0.082 | |||||
| Yes | 132 (13.5) | 51.80 (27.72) | 87.62 (17.32) | 27.80 (6.32) | 25.48 (10.63) | ||||||||
| No | 849 (86.5) | 48.54 (23.04) | 86.92 (15.10) | 27.30 (5.13) | 27.19 (8.76) | ||||||||
| Father goes out-migrant for work | t = 1.999 | 0.046 | t = −0.471 | 0.638 | t = 0.516 | 0.606 | t = −1.511 | 0.131 | |||||
| Yes | 896 (91.3) | 49.45 (23.62) | 86.84 (15.57) | 27.39 (5.35) | 26.82 (9.06) | ||||||||
| No | 85 (8.7) | 44.07 (24.47) | 87.76 (13.74) | 27.08 (4.89) | 28.38 (8.86) | ||||||||
| Mother goes out-migrant for work | t = −0.229 | 0.819 | t = −1.215 | 0.225 | t=-2.280 | 0.023 | t = −1.650 | 0.099 | |||||
| Yes | 655 (66.8) | 48.86 (23.21) | 86.59 (14.99) | 27.09 (4.98) | 26.62 (8.75) | ||||||||
| No | 326 (33.2) | 49.23 (24.79) | 87.86 (16.22) | 27.91 (5.88) | 27.63 (9.60) | ||||||||
| Father's working duration | F = 6.404 | 0.000** | F = 0.706 | 0.548 | F = 0.354 | 0.787 | F = 4.763 | 0.003** | |||||
| <1 year | 357 (36.4) | 47.29 (23.15) | 91.14 (16.48) | 27.57 (4.86) | 27.57 (9.12) | ||||||||
| 2–5 years | 137 (14.0) | 46.08 (24.67) | 90.96 (16.30) | 27.16 (5.96) | 28.25 (9.96) | ||||||||
| 6–10 years | 383 (39.0) | 49.15 (23.51) | 89.46 (16.85) | 27.26 (6.18) | 25.73 (8.95) | ||||||||
| >10 years | 104 (10.6) | 58.00 (23.44) | 90.57 (15.90) | 27.08 (5.06) | 28.53 (8.73) | ||||||||
| Mother's working duration | F = 4.571 | 0.003** | F = 6.019 | 0.000** | F = 2.644 | 0.048* | F = 2.083 | 0.101 | |||||
| <1 year | 496 (50.6) | 48.42 (23.43) | 90.95 (16.99) | 27.73 (5.98) | 27.32 (9.15) | ||||||||
| 2–5 years | 341 (34.8) | 48.07 (23.82) | 87.99 (15.50) | 26.71 (5.07) | 26.44 (9.12) | ||||||||
| 6–10 years | 75 (7.6) | 47.55 (22.57) | 96.27 (17.61) | 27.96 (5.47) | 26.11 (8.74) | ||||||||
| >10 years | 69 (7.0) | 59.09 (24.85) | 91.89 (15.10) | 27.00 (4.86) | 29.13 (9.97) | ||||||||
| Father's educational level | F = 6.806 | 0.000** | F = 6.758 | 0.000** | F = 8.371 | 0.000** | F = 1.161 | 0.323 | |||||
| Below primary school | 138 (14.1) | 49.40 (23.36) | 87.24 (15.72) | 26.95 (5.22) | 26.10 (9.68) | ||||||||
| Junior high school | 591 (60.2) | 50.77 (23.557) | 89.61 (16.45) | 26.90 (5.20) | 26.97 (9.14) | ||||||||
| High school | 212 (21.6) | 42.73 (23.34) | 94.57 (16.92) | 29.01 (6.43) | 27.60 (8.92) | ||||||||
| University or above | 40 (4.1) | 54.28 (24.59) | 90.80 (14.67) | 26.39 (5.58) | 28.63 (9.43) | ||||||||
| Mother's educational level | F = 0.177 | 0.912 | F = 4.698 | 0.003** | F = 4.433 | 0.004** | F = 0.545 | 0.651 | |||||
| Below primary school | 161 (16.4) | 49.99 (22.08) | 86.92 (15.83) | 26.44 (5.27) | 27.79 (9.08) | ||||||||
| Junior high school | 594 (60.6) | 48.69 (23.37) | 90.26 (16.59) | 27.30 (5.20) | 26.78 (9.16) | ||||||||
| High school | 184 (18.8) | 49.32 (26.24) | 93.01 (16.29) | 27.69 (5.44) | 27.19 (9.45) | ||||||||
| University or above | 42 (4.3) | 47.74 (24.21) | 94.14 (17.26) | 29.81 (10.13) | 27.38 (9.02) | ||||||||
| Father's occupation | F = 0.811 | 0.518 | F = 1.710 | 0.146 | F = 0.805 | 0.522 | F = 1.580 | 0.177 | |||||
| Worker | 521 (53.1) | 48.73 (23.29) | 90.49 (16.69) | 27.39 (5.86) | 27.04 (9.73) | ||||||||
| Farmer | 133 (13.6) | 51.24 (24.71) | 88.79 (15.34) | 26.84 (4.60) | 27.21 (9.85) | ||||||||
| Public servant | 27 (2.8) | 51.11 (31.91) | 90.78 (16.12) | 26.19 (7.41) | 27.70 (6.74) | ||||||||
| Businessman | 114 (11.6) | 50.34 (24.77) | 93.71 (19.07) | 27.83 (5.62) | 28.61 (8.35) | ||||||||
| Others | 186 (19.0) | 46.93 (22.29) | 89.21 (15.10) | 27.43 (5.07) | 25.91 (7.75) | ||||||||
| Mother's occupation | F = 1.203 | 0.308 | F = 2.335 | 0.054 | F = 1.198 | 0.310 | F = 3.329 | 0.010* | |||||
| Worker | 337 (34.4) | 47.49 (23.30) | 91.07 (16.95) | 27.33 (6.01) | 26.90 (9.12) | ||||||||
| Farmer | 197 (20.1) | 48.06 (23.18) | 90.59 (17.42) | 27.57 (4.90) | 28.67 (9.21) | ||||||||
| Public servant | 95 (9.7) | 50.07 (25.38) | 91.17 (17.10) | 26.59 (6.18) | 24.57 (10.17) | ||||||||
| Business man | 118 (12.0) | 48.59 (23.37) | 92.78 (16.99) | 28.11 (5.84) | 27.12 (7.98) | ||||||||
| Others | 234 (23.9) | 51.65 (24.27) | 87.74 (14.35) | 27.08 (5.04) | 26.87 (9.24) | ||||||||
| Contact frequency | F = 0.481 | 0.750 | F = 0.419 | 0.795 | F = 2.770 | 0.026* | |||||||
| Every 3 days | 211 (21.5) | 48.48 (23.78) | 90.91 (17.48) | 26.81 (9.002) | |||||||||
| Every 1 week | 275 (28.0) | 49.39 (22.81) | 89.79 (16.58) | 26.77 (8.86) | |||||||||
| Every 2 weeks | 47 (4.8) | 47.17 (27.80) | 92.90 (16.78) | 24.18 (9.31) | |||||||||
| Every 3 weeks | 131 (13.4) | 47.05 (23.10) | 90.25 (15.84) | 26.26 (8.78) | |||||||||
| Every 1 month or above | 317 (32.3) | 50.02 (24.18) | 90.27 (16.14) | 28.21 (9.62) |
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01.