FIGURE 6.

Approaches to modulate miRNA function. Downregulation of a certain miRNA preferentially could be achieved by utilization of specific ASOs, siRNA, miRNA sponges, TUDs, or by genetic knockout. Overexpression of a specific miRNA could be achieved by using miRNA mimics or pre-miRNA expression systems. Delivery strategies are RNA modifications, devices, and encapsulation. RNA modifications include conjugation to cholesterol (Chol), 2′-O-methyl (MOE), LNA, aptamer, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly amine-co-ester terpolymer (PACE), pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP), and cell-specific promoter. Devices include drug eluting devices, vascular delivery, and cardiac delivery. Encapsulation includes adenovirus, lentivirus, AAV, microspheres, lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes.