Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to the levels of serum 25(OH)D.
| Characteristic | Serum 25(OH)D levels (nmol/L) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <40.8 | 40.8–55.3 | 55.4–67.8 | 67.9–83.8 | ≥83.9 | ||
| (n = 3,140) | (n = 3,132) | (n = 3,160) | (n = 3,138) | (n = 3,153) | ||
| Age (years) | 43.00 (30.00, 58.00) | 44.00 (31.00, 58.00) | 47.00 (34.00, 61.00) | 50.00 (36.00, 64.00) | 56.00 (40.00, 70.00) | <0.01 |
| Male (n,%) | 1,499 (47.74) | 1,656 (52.87) | 1,778 (56.27) | 1,684 (53.66) | 1,310 (41.55) | <0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity (n,%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 569 (18.12) | 1,028 (32.82) | 1,451 (45.92) | 1,876 (59.78) | 2,287 (72.53) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,379 (43.92) | 672 (21.46) | 444 (14.05) | 311 (9.91) | 275 (8.72) | |
| Mexican American | 565 (17.99) | 688 (21.97) | 594 (18.80) | 384 (12.24) | 170 (5.39) | |
| Othersa | 627 (19.97) | 744 (23.75) | 671 (21.23) | 567 (18.07) | 421 (13.35) | |
| Education background (n,%) | <0.01 | |||||
| >High school | 1,507 (47.99) | 1,568 (50.06) | 1,596 (50.51) | 1,739 (55.42) | 1,881 (59.66) | |
| High school or GEDb | 762 (24.27) | 686 (21.90) | 718 (22.72) | 710 (22.63) | 672 (21.31) | |
| < High school | 871 (27.74) | 878 (28.03) | 846 (26.77) | 689 (21.96) | 600 (19.03) | |
| Marital status (n,%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Married or living with partner | 1,562 (49.75) | 1,837 (58.65) | 1,983 (62.75) | 2,017 (64.28) | 1,952 (61.91) | |
| Living alone | 1,578 (50.25) | 1,295 (41.35) | 1,177 (37.25) | 1,121 (35.72) | 1,201 (38.09) | |
| Drinking status (n,%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Never | 503 (16.02) | 452 (14.43) | 401 (12.69) | 362 (11.54) | 381 (12.08) | |
| Current | 2,637 (83.98) | 2,680 (85.57) | 2,759 (87.31) | 2,776 (88.46) | 2,772 (87.92) | |
| Smoking status (n,%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Never | 1,771 (56.40) | 1,843 (58.84) | 1,701 (53.83) | 1,663 (53.00) | 1,681 (53.31) | |
| Current | 852 (27.13) | 678 (21.65) | 659 (20.85) | 607 (19.34) | 571 (18.11) | |
| Former | 517 (16.46) | 611 (19.51) | 800 (25.32) | 868 (27.66) | 901 (28.58) | |
| Weight (kg) | 80.80 (68.10, 97.10) | 80.70 (68.30, 95.00) | 80.30 (68.20, 93.25) | 77.80 (66.60, 90.70) | 73.60 (63.10, 85.90) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 167.10 (159.70, 174.20) | 167.25 (160.20, 174.40) | 168.35 (161.00, 175.60) | 168.30 (161.40, 176.40) | 166.50 (159.80, 174.20) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.05 (24.70, 34.60) | 28.90 (25.05, 33.10) | 28.12 (24.65, 32.09) | 27.20 (24.00, 30.98) | 26.20 (23.13, 29.86) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension status (n,%) | 1,080 (34.39) | 991 (31.64) | 1,029 (32.56) | 1,117 (35.60) | 1,296 (41.10) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes status (n,%) | 371 (11.82) | 372 (11.88) | 347 (10.98) | 328 (10.45) | 338 (10.72) | 0.26 |
| Hyperuricemia (n,%) | 798 (25.41) | 682 (21.78) | 700 (22.15) | 637 (20.30) | 708 (22.45) | <0.01 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.40 (4.50, 6.50) | 5.40 (4.50, 6.40) | 5.50 (4.50, 6.40) | 5.30 (4.50, 6.30) | 5.30 (4.40, 6.20) | <0.01 |
| Serum calcium(mg/dL) | 9.40 (9.10, 9.60) | 9.40 (9.20, 9.60) | 9.40 (9.20, 9.60) | 9.40 (9.20, 9.70) | 9.50 (9.30, 9.70) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.98) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | <0.01 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.00 (85.00, 105.00) | 93.00 (85.00, 105.00) | 93.00 (85.00, 104.00) | 93.00 (85.00, 103.00) | 92.00 (85.00, 102.00) | 0.02 |
| STC (mg/dL) | 188.00 (163.00, 218.00) | 190.00 (165.00, 218.00) | 192.00 (166.00, 219.00) | 193.00 (166.00, 221.00) | 195.00 (168.00, 221.00) | <0.01 |
| STG (mg/dL) | 111.00 (74.00, 174.00) | 125.00 (80.00, 197.00) | 127.00 (84.00, 198.00) | 125.00 (82.00, 192.00) | 117.00 (80.00, 178.00) | <0.01 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.00 (41.00, 60.00) | 48.00 (40.00, 58.00) | 48.00 (40.00, 59.00) | 51.00 (41.00, 62.00) | 55.00 (45.00, 67.00) | <0.01 |
| Total vitamin D intake (mcg/day) | 2.30 (0.80, 5.20) | 3.70 (1.40, 7.90) | 5.00 (1.90, 12.30) | 7.20 (2.60, 16.70) | 13.50 (4.30, 29.20) | <0.01 |
| Dietary vitamin D intake (mcg/day) | 2.10 (0.80, 4.50) | 3.10 (1.20, 5.90) | 3.40 (1.30, 6.50) | 3.50 (1.60, 6.60) | 3.70 (1.60, 6.70) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental vitamin D intake (mcg/day) | 0.81 (4.66) | 2.02 (6.21) | 4.31 (24.16) | 7.60 (26.79) | 21.75 (69.42) | <0.01 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,901.00 (1,402.00, 2,571.50) | 1,981.50 (1,455.50, 2,639.50) | 1,970.50 (1,452.50, 2,631.00) | 1,989.00 (1,498.00, 2,655.00) | 1,879.00 (1,416.00, 2,506.00) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental energy intake (kcal/day) | 0.91 (7.24) | 1.79 (10.27) | 2.66 (12.83) | 3.86 (16.02) | 6.35 (19.18) | <0.01 |
| Protein intake(gm/day) | 70.09 (49.53, 97.78) | 75.43 (52.75, 103.19) | 77.16 (54.69, 104.86) | 76.48 (55.24, 103.30) | 71.63 (51.66, 98.06) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental protein intake (gm/day) | 0.01 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.58) | 0.06 (1.15) | 0.07 (0.97) | 0.10 (1.56) | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrate intake (gm/day) | 234.21 (165.07, 315.40) | 242.42 (176.35, 326.11) | 237.65 (173.66, 324.66) | 240.78 (176.88, 323.49) | 227.44 (166.83, 301.12) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental carbohydrate intake (gm/day) | 0.08 (0.93) | 0.19 (1.76) | 0.28 (2.08) | 0.37 (2.19) | 0.53 (2.23) | <0.01 |
| Dietary fiber intake (gm/day) | 12.50 (8.10, 19.30) | 14.70 (9.40, 21.20) | 15.10 (9.80, 22.50) | 15.40 (10.40, 22.30) | 15.40 (10.20, 22.00) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental fiber intake (gm/day) | 0.02 (0.39) | 0.09 (3.01) | 0.08 (0.87) | 0.10 (0.86) | 0.14 (1.16) | <0.01 |
| Dietary magnesium intake (mg/day) | 237.00 (171.00, 330.50) | 267.00 (192.00, 361.00) | 280.00 (204.00, 377.50) | 283.00 (209.00, 381.00) | 284.00 (206.00, 381.00) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental magnesium intake (mg/day) | 5.69 (41.27) | 13.37 (55.71) | 19.96 (71.76) | 32.75 (89.08) | 48.28 (130.34) | <0.01 |
| Dietary zinc intake (mg/day) | 8.85 (6.09, 12.95) | 9.76 (6.61, 14.06) | 10.25 (6.90, 14.53) | 10.29 (7.13, 14.87) | 9.82 (6.91, 14.32) | <0.01 |
| Supplemental zinc intake (mg/day) | 0.81 (4.60) | 1.88 (6.22) | 3.04 (7.86) | 5.11 (10.62) | 7.27 (12.51) | <0.01 |
| Dietary sugar intake (gm/day) | 97.64 (58.14, 148.04) | 101.305 (63.53, 151.91) | 98.80 (61.23, 149.52) | 101.46 (63.90, 151.54) | 95.16 (60.89, 141.94) | 0.001 |
| Supplemental sugar intake (mg/day) | 0.05 (0.50) | 0.13 (0.94) | 0.17 (1.29) | 0.20 (1.27) | 0.24 (1.13) | <0.01 |
a
Other Hispanics and other races including multi-racial participants.
b
General Educational Development.