Table 3.

Overview of the other NIBSS studies included in the review.

Study		Patients features			NIBSS features		Findings
Ref	Design	MS type	Sample size (gender, age)	Pain type	Target	NIBSS type and protocol	Primary outcomes	Secondary outcomes	Follow up	Side effects	Results
Palm et al. (2016)	Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled cross-over	RR: 11, SP: 4, PP: 1	16 (W: 3, M: 13; age 47.4 ± 8.9)	NP	Left DLPFC	tRNS: 3 consecutive days, 2 mA, 20–30 min; 3 weeks	Pain VAS, BPI; attention (ANT)	Depression and anxiety (HADS); fatigue (MFIS); PREPS; frontal midline theta	None	None	Pain scores and PREPS N2-P2 amplitude decreased to real tRNS
Berra et al. (2019)	Pilot randomized, parallel, double-blind sham-controlled	SP: 24, PP: 5, RR: 4 (EDSS: 5.9 ± 1.3)	33 (W: 25, M: 8; age: real 57.6 ± 9.1, sham: 54.0 ± 7.8)	NP	Spinal cord	tsDCS: 10 sessions in 2 weeks, 2 mA, 20 min; anode: thoracic spinal cord; cathode: right shoulder (suprascapular region)	NPSI, spasticity (AS), fatigue (FSS)	NWR, NWR TST	1 month	None	NPSI significantly reduced to real tsDCS with effect lasting up to 1 month; trend toward inhibition of NWR responses to real tsDCS

ANT, Attention Network Test; AS, Ashworth scale; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; DLPFC, dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS, 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; M, men; mA, milliampere; MFIS, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory Score; MS, multiple sclerosis; NIBSS, non-invasive brain and spinal stimulation; NP, neuropathic pain; NPSI, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory; NWR, nociceptive withdrawal reflex; PP, primary progressive; PREPS, pain related evoked potentials; Ref, reference; RR, relapsing remitting; SP, secondary progressive; tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation; tsDCS, transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation; TST, temporal summation threshold; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; W, women.