Skip to main content
. 2020 Nov 20;11:580557. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580557

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Galectin-9 does not induce pro-apoptotic processes in HaCaT keratinocytes which express VISTA but display almost undetectable granzyme B activity. Expressions of VISTA and Tim-3 were measured on the surface of resting human HaCaT cells (keratinocytes) by on-cell Western (A). VISTA surface expression was confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy (B). Total cellular levels of Tim-3 and VISTA were measured in permeabilised HaCaT cells using flow cytometry (C). HaCaT cells were exposed for 24 h to 2.5 µg/ml galectin-9 followed by measurement of granzyme B activity (D), caspase-3 activity and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage (E). Images are from one experiment representative of at least four independent experiments which gave similar results. Data are shown as mean values ± SEM for at least four independent experiments; *p < 0.05 vs control.