Figure 2.

Oxidative stress parameters in PD group at different time points.

Lipid peroxidation-TBARS (A), protein carbonyl level (B), glutathione-sulfhydryl level (C), SOD activity (D), CAT activity (E) and SOD/CAT activity ratio (F). Sample size: 9 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05, vs. pre-intervention; $P < 0.05, vs. 48 hours after the first session; #P < 0.05, vs. immediately after the first session of aquatic exercise program. The values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. CAT: Catalase; PD: Parkinson’s disease; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. I, II, III, IV: Pre-intervention, immediately, 48 hours, and 30 days after the first session of aquatic exercise program, respectively.