Table 3.
Summary of Symptom Outcome Measures.
| Outcome Measuresa | Baseline Mean (SD) | Month 2 Mean (SD) | Month 4 Mean (SD) | Effect Sizeb | 95% CI for Effect Size | P Valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sleep disturbance (GSDS) | 61.4 (16.4) | 46.9 (21.5) | 40.8 (17.1) | –1.23 | (–26.5, –11.6) | <0.001 |
| Quality of sleep | 13.2 (4.9) | 10.7 (5.6) | 8.1 (4.3) | –1.16 | (–7.6, –3.7) | <0.001 |
| Quantity of sleep | 4.8 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | –0.73 | (–2.8, –0.6) | 0.005 |
| Sleep onset latency | 3.4 (2.1) | 2.7 (2.0) | 1.2 (1.3) | –1.17 | (–1.6, –0.8) | <0.001 |
| Midsleep wakes | 5.8 (1.8) | 4.8 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.1) | –0.93 | (–1.3, –0.5) | <0.001 |
| Early awakenings | 4.9 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.4) | –0.84 | (–1.3, –0.4) | <0.001 |
| Medications for sleep | 13.4 (9.2) | 10.8 (11.7) | 9.3 (9.9) | –0.50 | (–5.4, –0.1) | 0.043 |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness | 19.2 (8.8) | 12.8 (7.6) | 12.0 (7.0) | –0.93 | (–10.4, –3.3) | <0.001 |
| Energy (LFS) | 4.4 (2.1) | 4.0 (1.8) | 5.7 (1.9) | 0.54 | (0.1, 1.0) | 0.011 |
| Fatigue (LFS) | 4.0 (2.6) | 3.4 (2.5) | 2.1 (2.1) | –0.68 | (–1.1, –0.3) | 0.002 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 15.8 (8.8) | 8.7 (8.1) | 6.6 (6.4) | –1.21 | (–1.6, –0.9) | <0.001 |
| State anxiety (STAI) | 36.5 (12.6) | 33.5 (9.7) | 29.1 (9.5) | –0.75 | (–1.2, –0.4) | <0.001 |
| Stress (PSS) | 16.5 (6.6) | 11.1 (9.3) | 10.4 (7.4) | –0.75 | (–1.1, –0.4) | <0.001 |
| Spiritual well-being (FACIT) | ||||||
| Meaning | 12.9 (3.0) | 14.6 (2.0) | 0.50 | (0.1, 0.9) | 0.020 | |
| Peace | 9.8 (3.9) | 12.1 (3.2) | 0.86 | (0.5, 1.3) | <0.001 | |
| Faith | 8.9 (5.1) | 10.6 (5.0) | 0.33 | (–0.1, 0.7) | 0.11 |
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; FACIT, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy; GSDS, General Sleep Disturbance Scale; LFS, Lee Fatigue Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; STAI, Spielberger State-Trait Inventory.
a
Decreasing symptom scores represent improvements in symptoms. Increases in energy and spiritual well-being represent improvements in spiritual well-being.
b
Baseline to month 4.
c
Baseline to month 4; P value for t test, level of significance ≤ 0.05.