Table 5. Factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure in patients presenting with injuries requiring surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana, 2015–2016.

Variable	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Insurance status
Uninsured	Reference	Reference
Insureda	0.33 (0.26 to 0.43)	0.27 (0.20 to 0.35)
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	2.36 (1.80 to 3.09)	2.41 (1.77 to 3.28)
Age	1.02 (1.01 to 1.02)	1.01 (1.01 to 1.02)

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

^a Through the national health insurance scheme.

Notes: Based on a 10% threshold for catastrophic health expenditure for ratio of patients’ out-of-pocket expenditure to annual household income. We included 991 patients in the model. Residuals from the model had normal distribution.