Table 2.
Characteristics by jump test completion and gait speed
| Mean ± standard deviation or % | Total with jump measures | Total without jump tests (N = 573) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 1242) | Gait speed ≥ 1.0 m/s (N = 994) | Gait speed < 1.0 m/s (N = 246) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 84 ± 4* | 83 ± 4*,† | 85 ± 4* | 86 ± 5 |
| White race (%) | 90 | 90 | 90 | 93 |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Height (cm) | 172.5 ± 6.6* | 172.6 ± 6.6* | 171.9 ± 6.5 | 171.7 ± 7.4 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.2 ± 12.1* | 78.8 ± 12.0*,† | 80.7 ± 12.5 | 81.3 ± 713.6 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27 ± 4* | 26 ± 3*,† | 27 ± 4 | 28 ± 4 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| ≥1 alcohol drink/week (%) | 52 | 54* | 42 | 42 |
| Physical activity (kcal/day) | 2177 ± 365* | 2200 ± 371*,† | 2080 ± 320 | 2076 ± 386 |
| Clinical measures | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 ± 18 | 128 ± 18*,† | 126 ± 18 | 126 ± 21 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 ± 11* | 72 ± 11*,† | 70 ± 11 | 71 ± 11 |
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.93 ± 0.15 | 0.94 ± 0.14† | 0.91 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.16 |
| Hip/joint pain (%) | 27* | 26* | 32 | 38 |
| Teng 3MS (score) | 92.6 ± 6.8* | 93.1 ± 6.4*,† | 90.9 ± 8.1 | 89.9 ± 9.0 |
| Trails B (seconds to complete) | 136 ± 67* | 128 ± 63*,† | 166 ± 74 | 163 ± 77 |
| Falls history | ||||
| ≥1 fall in past year (%) | 34* | 33* | 36* | 51 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Diabetes (%) | 15* | 13*,† | 22 | 22 |
| Hypertension (%) | 53 | 51*,† | 60 | 57 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 7* | 6*,† | 11 | 13 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 12* | 11*,† | 15 | 19 |
| Stroke (%) | 4* | 4* | 5 | 8 |
| Parkinson’s disease (%) | 1* | 1* | 2 | 3 |
| Medications | ||||
| Total medications (#) | 8.8 ± 5.4* | 8.6 ± 4.8*,† | 9.3 ± 4.4 | 9.9 ± 4.9 |
| Muscle function | ||||
| Peak power (W/kg body wt) | 20.8 ± 5.3 | 21.8 ± 5.1† | 16.5 ± 4.1 | – |
| Velocity at peak power (m/s) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2† | 1.0 ± 0.2 | – |
| Force at peak power (N/kg body wt) | 16.7 ± 1.9 | 16.9 ± 1.9† | 15.8 ± 1.7 | – |
| Grip strength (kg/kg body wt) | 0.5 ± 0.1* | 0.5 ± 0.1*,† | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Physical performance | ||||
| 400 m walk time (s) | 396 ± 85* | 374 ± 59*,† | 499 ± 112 | 488 ± 153 |
| 6 m usual gait speed (m/s) | 1.18 ± 0.22* | 1.25 ± 0.17*,† | 0.88 ± 0.10* | 0.92 ± 0.26 |
| Chair stands speed (#/s) | 0.42 ± 0.14* | 0.44 ± 0.13*,† | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.25 ± 0.19 |
*
p < 0.05 for all with jump measures, gait speed ≥ 1.0 m/s and gait speed < 1.0 m/s vs. total without jump tests (N = 26 excluded for data quality);
†
p < 0.05 gait speed ≥ 1.0 m/s vs. gait speed < 1.0 m/s (N = 2 missing gait speed)