Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes in dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and non-dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor groups before and after propensity score matching
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Unmatched
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Matched (1:3)3
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| Parameter | DPP4i4 (n = 142) | Non-DPP4i5 (n = 1115) | SD | DPP4i4 (n = 111) | Non-DPP4i5 (n = 333) | SD |
| Clinical characteristics on admission | ||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 63 (55-67) | 64 (56.5-69) | -0.107 | 63 (55.5-67) | 64 (56-69) | -0.068 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 66 (46.48) | 588 (52.74) | -0.125 | 57 (51.35) | 159 (47.75) | 0.072 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 76 (53.52) | 527 (47.26) | 0.125 | 54 (48.65) | 174 (52.25) | -0.072 |
| Heart rate, median (IQR) | 82 (75-91) | 85 (78-98) | -0.192 | 82.5 (75-97.25) | 82 (76-96) | 0.032 |
| Respiratory rate, median (IQR) | 20 (19-21) | 20 (19-21) | 0.030 | 20 (19-20) | 20 (19-21) | 0.014 |
| DBP, median (IQR) | 80 (73.25-90) | 80 (72-89) | 0.116 | 80 (72-91) | 80 (74-89) | 0.018 |
| SBP, median (IQR) | 133 (123-146) | 133 (121-145) | 0.070 | 133 (123-146) | 135 (122-148) | -0.021 |
| SpO2, median (IQR) | 97 (95-98) | 97 (95-98) | 0.018 | 97 (95-98) | 97 (95-98) | 0.049 |
| Comorbidities on admission | ||||||
| Heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.27) | -0.073 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 16 (11.27) | 150 (13.45) | -0.066 | 13 (11.71) | 44 (13.21) | -0.045 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases, n (%) | 5 (3.52) | 41 (3.68) | -0.008 | 4 (3.60) | 16 (4.80) | -0.060 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 25 (2.24) | -0.214 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 |
| Chronic renal diseases, n (%) | 2 (1.41) | 23 (2.06) | -0.050 | 2 (1.80) | 3 (0.90) | 0.078 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 1 (0.70) | 9 (0.81) | -0.012 | 1 (0.90) | 3 (0.90) | 0 |
| Background anti-diabetic drugs 1 | ||||||
| 1 type, n (%) | 24 (16.90) | 526 (47.17) | -0.686 | 24 (21.62) | 82 (24.62) | -0.071 |
| 2 types, n (%) | 47 (33.10) | 439 (39.37) | -0.131 | 47 (42.34) | 133 (39.94) | 0.049 |
| 3 types, n (%) | 52 (36.62) | 135 (12.11) | 0.596 | 39 (35.14) | 113 (33.93) | 0.025 |
| ≥ 4 types, n (%) | 19 (13.38) | 12 (1.08) | 0.489 | 1 (0.90) | 5 (1.50) | -0.055 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 81 (57.04) | 607 (54.44) | 0.052 | 59 (53.15) | 184 (55.26) | -0.042 |
| Chest CT on admission | ||||||
| Bilateral lesions, n (%) | 119 (92.25) | 957 (90.71) | 0.055 | 91 (91.92) | 289 (92.33) | -0.015 |
| Laboratory examination on admission | ||||||
| Leukocyte count > 9.5 × 109/L, n (%) | 16 (11.35) | 101 (9.41) | 0.063 | 13 (11.71) | 29 (8.95) | 0.091 |
| Neutrophil count > 6.3 × 109/L, n (%) | 22 (15.60) | 166 (15.47) | 0.004 | 18 (16.22) | 53 (16.36) | -0.004 |
| Lymphocyte count < 1.1, 109/L, n (%) | 55 (39.01) | 437 (40.73) | -0.035 | 42 (37.84) | 130 (40.12) | -0.047 |
| Red blood count < 3.5 (for female), 4.0 (for male) × 1012/L, n (%) | 61 (43.26) | 480 (44.73) | -0.030 | 48 (43.24) | 156 (48.15) | -0.099 |
| C-reactive protein increase > ULN2, n (%) | 36 (49.32) | 298 (50.85) | -0.031 | 26 (44.07) | 98 (56.32) | -0.247 |
| Procalcitonin level increase > ULN2, n (%) | 54 (46.96) | 399 (44.19) | 0.056 | 39 (43.82) | 132 (48.18) | -0.087 |
| ALT increase > 40 U/L, n (%) | 22 (15.83) | 234 (21.89) | -0.155 | 16 (14.68) | 53 (16.46) | -0.049 |
| eGFR, median (IQR) | 104.20 (90.60-119.76) | 101.18 (84.33-119.66) | 0.088 | 103.78 (90.77-116.18) | 101.33 (83.55-117.81) | 0.028 |
| D-dimer > ULN2, n (%) | 62 (49.60) | 526 (53.08) | -0.070 | 51 (52.04) | 148 (50.00) | 0.041 |
| LDL-c > 3.4 mmol/L, n (%) | 25 (22.73) | 135 (15.96) | 0.172 | 16 (19.51) | 51 (19.54) | -0.001 |
Background anti-diabetic drugs were defined as the number of types of combined oral hypoglycemic agents and the proportion of patients using insulin.
Upper limit of normal was defined according to criteria in each hospital and normal ranges of tests in each hospital.
In the propensity score matched model, age, gender, heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 < 95%, computed tomography-diagnosed bilateral lung lesions, incidence of increased neutrophil count, leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, alanine transaminase, D-dimer, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased lymphocyte count, estimated glomerular filtration rate, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic liver disease, and chronic renal diseases), the numbers of oral hypoglycemic agents, and the proportion of insulin usage were matched.
Patients with type 2 diabetes who received dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) throughout the whole 28-d follow-up period were enrolled in the DPP4i cohort.
Patients with type 2 diabetes who never received DPP4i but took other anti-diabetic drugs throughout the observation time during hospitalization were classified as the non-DPP4i group. Data are n (%) or medians (IQR).
DPP4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; SpO2: Pulse oxygen saturation; ALT: Alanine transaminase; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-c: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standardized difference; ULN: Upper limit of normal; CT: Computed tomography.