A, Experimental setup. Electromyogram was recorded from PM and PD. B, Typical simple reaching trial without VP and FF. C, NoVP trial with FF, either CW (red arrows) or CCW (blue arrows). D, VP trial without FF. Participants were requested to make a short pause at VP and proceed to the final target. E, VP ShortDwell trial with FF before and after VP. F, VP ShortDwell catch trial with FF unexpectedly turned off after VP. G, VP LongDwell trial with FF before and after VP. H, VP LongDwell catch trial with FF unexpectedly turned off after VP. The target would change color when the participants made movements within the instructed time window. For D–H, VP would change color when the participants made a pause at VP and the hand velocity dropped to <3 cm/s. For G, H, VP would change color again when the participant stayed at VP for 500 ms.