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. 2020 Dec 4;26:121. doi: 10.1186/s10020-020-00243-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — rmCIRP increases oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Primary murine neonatal cardiomyocytes were isolated. Cardiomyocyte and mitochondrial oxidative stress were quantified using a DCF (N = 8/group) and b MitoSOX Red fluorescence (N = 8/group). Mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium levels was assessed using c Tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) (PBS = 27 and 13 per group for rest) and d Rohd2 AM (N = 5/group) fluorescence. After rmCIRP stimulation, there was a significant dose-dependent increase in cardiomyocyte and mitochondrial-specific reactive oxygen species; this was ameliorated by M3 (a, b). Stimulation of cardiomyocytes with rmCIRP resulted in a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential while M3 treatment returned membrane potential to near baseline (c). rmCIRP caused mitochondrial calcium overload; this was inhibited by M3 (d). Data shown are the results of two to three independent experiments. Multiple groups were compared by one-way ANOVA and Tukey method (*p < 0.05 vs. PBS control; % p < 0.05 vs 2 µg/mL rmCIRP, ^#p < 0.05 vs 4 µg/mL rmCIRP)