Table 1.

Summary of results

Study and year	Aim	Sample size	Population	Questionnaire details	Results	Outcome
Clover (1999)[13]	To provide data on dentists’ current practice regarding discussing smoking with patients	136	Dentists who were members of the hunter branch of the ADA, Australia	Questionnaire was in three sections: Current practice regarding smoking; barriers to helping patients quit smoking and practice profile	31% of dentists reported that they are very interested, 52% were somewhat interested, and 18% reported that they were not at all interested in discussing about smoking with patients.	Smoking is a major health problem that needs to be addressed through multidisciplinary action. Dentists in Australia have shown interest in assisting patients to quit smoking.
Albert et al. (2002)[14]	To assess the tobacco cessation knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dentists participating in a largely managed care dental plan	75 dental offices	Dental offices enrolled in the Aetna Dental Insurance plan from four states of the USA were recruited into the study.	29 close-ended questions. Included sections on (1) office-based barriers to smoking cessation counseling, (2) processes involved in the adoption of cessation, counseling, (3) perceptions of staff and patient acceptance of related changes, (4) allocation of resources	82% of the participants in the tobacco cessation program were told about associations between tobacco use and general health status. 95.2% of the dentists indicated that they were willing to receive training.	Tobacco cessation is not a routine part of dental practice. Knowledge, time spent counseling patients, and specific strategies for quitting were associated with dentists’ perceptions of success.
Johnson et al. (2006)[15]	To investigate attitudes and opinions of the members of the British Dental Association toward implementing tobacco cessation strategies in dental practices.	870	Participants were BDA members, excluding retired members, overseas members, and students.	14 questions in a section of the BDA omnibus survey 2002.	More than 95% of respondents knew that there was an association between tobacco use and oral diseases and 66% of the respondents had never used tobacco.	The survey showed that during recent years there has been a steady improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of the UK dental practitioners toward encouraging patients to give up tobacco.
Bhat et al. (2013)[12]	To assess the attitudes, practices, and barriers in tobacco cessation among dentists of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India.	151	Dentists of dental hospitals with dental wing and private dental clinics in Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India	Close-ended questionnaire comprising demographic details and questions pertaining to attitude, beliefs, and barriers.	Majority of the dentists (94%) agreed that it was their responsibility to provide smoking cessation counseling and were at least somewhat confident in providing such counseling.	The dentists had a favorable attitude in tobacco cessation counseling for the patients. However, the lack of time and knowledge were the main identified barriers.
Awan et al. (2015)[16]	To evaluate current knowledge and attitudes toward smoking and its cessation among dental professionals.	342	Dental undergraduate students and general dental practitioners in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.	A self-administered, two-page structured questionnaire derived was used which comprised sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward tobacco use and cessation.	62% of GDPs and 67% of dental students rated both smoking cessation and prevention together as a very important preventive measure. 43% of GDPs and 52% of dental students were willing to providing smoking cessation assistance.	More meaningful participation of dental professionals in tobacco cessation is needed, with implications for related curriculum changes.
Razavi et al. (2015)[17]	To assess Iranian dental student and dentist practice, knowledge, and attitudes toward smoking cessation programs.	210	150 working dentists and 60 dental students of Isfahan city, Iran	The questionnaire consisted of four main sections: Demographic characteristics, dentists’ practice in oral cancer examinations, following the 5A tobacco cessation protocol, dentists and students’ opinions about their competencies and skills.	97% of dentists correctly identified the use of tobacco products as the main risk factors for oral cancer. 72% of students and 76% of dentists were willing to follow the protocol of tobacco cessation for their future patients.	Iranian dentist’s performance regarding tobacco cessation is weak. Dentists and students indicated their lack of knowledge as the major reason for nonadherence to the protocol.
Keogan et al. (2015)[18]	To examine smoking prevalence, training in smoking cessation treatment, and awareness of smoking cessation services available to smokers in Ireland among dentists practicing in Ireland.	289	289 dentists from Ireland	A 40 item questionnaire including age, sex smoking status, age of smoking initiation, degree of addiction, quitting history, exposure to second-hand smoke, training in smoking cessation, attitudes to tobacco control policies, awareness of smoking cessation services, etc., was introduced.	67% of dentists felt that they should receive training in the treatment of tobacco dependence (TTD), while, only 9% of dentists reported having received such training. A total of 94.7% dentists felt they should advise patients to quit smoking.	There is a large discrepancy between the number of dentists who feel they should provide advice and those who actually do. Overall, dentists feel they lack adequate training, time, and resources to provide smoking cessation services.
Duparea et al. (2015)[5]	To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice among the dentists in giving tobacco cessation advice to the patients	400	Dentists from three regions of Mumbai: South, central, and suburban regions.	A 45 close-ended structured self-report questionnaire was used to obtain information on tobacco use and its health effects, as well as on the knowledge and practices of smoking cessation.	79.5% of the respondents advocated tobacco cessation practices to their patients. Only 52.8% of the clinicians had any knowledge of behavioral methods for tobacco cessation.	There is still a lack of practice in all the components of smoking cessation advice because of the less knowledge of dentists regarding patient counseling.
Bangera et al. (2018)[19]	To assess the attitude and practice of dentists in the northern United Arab Emirates toward tobacco cessation advice.	250	Dentists practicing in hospitals, dental clinics, polyclinics, dental clinics, medical centers, and dental centers in primary health care centers in the Northern Emirates.	An interviewer-administered 44 close-ended questionnaire which included the attitude and practice of dentists toward giving smoking cessation advice was used in the study.	Participants with ≤10 years of clinical practice were 3.61 times more likely to have a good attitude toward tobacco cessation advice as compared to those with>10 years’ clinical practice.	Dentists had a good attitude toward the provision of tobacco cessation advice but comparatively, suboptimal practice was observed.