Appendix C.
GEE modelling showing relationships between changes in bone health and potential mediators for intervention-naive participants only.
| β | SE | β 95% Confidence interval | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T4 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.08 | 0.17 | -0.41 to 0.36 | 0.653 |
| Sexb | -0.07 | 0.01 | -0.27 to 0.12 | 0.461 |
| Puberty score | -0.23 | 0.09 | -0.41 to 0.05 | *0.011 |
| Age | 0.29 | 0.20 | -0.10 to 0.68 | 0.141 |
| Height | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.01 | 0.683 |
| Weight | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 to 0.06 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.01 | 0.571 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 to 0.06 | *0.002 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.08 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.941 |
| NDI | -0.01 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.00 | 0.060 |
| T4 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -62.18 | 43.93 | -148.29 to 23.92 | 0.157 |
| Sexb | 57.40 | 39.04 | -19.12 to 133.93 | 0.141 |
| Puberty score | -39.77 | 17.27 | -73.63 to -5.91 | *0.021 |
| Age | 72.35 | 68.03 | -60.99 to 205.69 | 0.288 |
| Height | 2.96 | 2.90 | -2.73 to 8.66 | 0.308 |
| Weight | 2.74 | 2.48 | -2.12 to 7.60 | 0.269 |
| 1 RM leg press | -2.28 | 1.10 | -4.43 to -0.12 | *0.038 |
| Vertical jump | 9.46 | 3.87 | 1.87 to 17.04 | *0.015 |
| Standing broad jump | -3.35 | 3.70 | -10.69 to 3.91 | 0.366 |
| NDI | 1.40 | 1.32 | -1.18 to 3.98 | 0.289 |
| T4 Total density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.28 | 6.56 | -13.13 to 12.57 | 0.966 |
| Sexb | -21.66 | 7.53 | -36.42 to -6.91 | *0.004 |
| Puberty score | -6.79 | 4.56 | -15.73 to 2.15 | 0.137 |
| Age | -4.64 | 17.02 | -37.99 to 28.72 | 0.785 |
| Height | -0.73 | 0.58 | -1.86 to 0.41 | 0.211 |
| Weight | 2.88 | 0.41 | 2.08 to 3.68 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.07 | 0.28 | -0.48 to 0.61 | 0.811 |
| Vertical jump | 0.76 | 0.56 | -0.35 to 1.87 | 0.178 |
| Standing broad jump | 1.04 | 0.49 | 0.09 to 1.99 | *0.033 |
| NDI | -0.91 | 0.22 | -1.33 to -0.48 | *<0.001 |
| T4 Trabecular density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 6.58 | 13.67 | -20.21 to 33.37 | 0.630 |
| Sexb | -11.91 | 11.39 | -34.25 to 10.42 | 0.296 |
| Puberty score | -11.64 | 5.93 | -23.26 to -0.03 | *0.050 |
| Age | 0.20 | 19.83 | -38.67 to 39.07 | 0.992 |
| Height | -0.32 | 0.70 | -1.70 to 1.06 | 0.648 |
| Weight | 2.62 | 0.55 | 1.54 to 3.70 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.34 | 0.37 | -0.39 to 1.07 | 0.360 |
| Vertical jump | 1.77 | 0.82 | 0.17 to 3.37 | *0.030 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.09 | 0.74 | -1.55 to 1.36 | 0.900 |
| NDI | -1.04 | 0.31 | -1.65 to -0.42 | *0.001 |
| T4 Trabecular density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.92 | 1.25 | -1.54 to 3.38 | 0.463 |
| Puberty score | -0.38 | 0.30 | -0.96 to 0.20 | 0.201 |
| Age | -1.01 | 0.75 | -2.48 to 0.47 | 0.181 |
| Weight | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.04 to 0.13 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.04 | 0.03 | -0.02 to 0.09 | 0.171 |
| Vertical jump | 0.09 | 0.07 | -0.03 to 0.22 | 0.151 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.01 | 0.04 | -0.09 to 0.06 | 0.781 |
| NDI | -0.05 | 0.02 | -0.09 to -0.01 | *0.010 |
| T66 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.07 | 2.73 | -9.61 to 1.09 | 0.119 |
| Sexb | -0.42 | 0.15 | -0.72 to -0.12 | *0.005 |
| Puberty score | -0.04 | 0.07 | -0.18 to 0.10 | 0.579 |
| Age | 0.67 | 0.29 | 0.09 to 1.24 | *0.022 |
| Height | -0.02 | 0.01 | - 0.03 to 0.00 | 0.090 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.002 to 0.03 | *0.022 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.00 | 0.130 |
| Vertical jump | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.03 | 0.588 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.864 |
| NDI | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 to 0.02 | 0.079 |
| T66 SSI | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 164.65 | 79.93 | 22.72 to 307.59 | *0.024 |
| Sexb | 63.19 | 144.82 | -220.65 to 347.02 | 0.663 |
| Puberty score | 32.82 | 46.83 | -58.97 to 124.60 | 0.483 |
| Age | 27.16 | 239.47 | -442.20 to 496.51 | 0.910 |
| Height | 9.96 | 8.20 | -6.12 to 26.04 | 0.225 |
| Weight | 4.79 | 5.01 | -5.02 to 14.60 | 0.339 |
| 1 RM leg press | 2.76 | 3.40 | -3.91 to 9.42 | 0.418 |
| Vertical jump | -1.28 | 10.36 | -21.59 to 19.03 | 0.902 |
| Standing broad jump | 2.19 | 9.27 | -15.97 to 20.35 | 0.813 |
| NDI | 5.08 | 4.18 | -3.11 to 13.27 | 0.224 |
| T66 SSI Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.39 | 0.21 | -0.02 to 0.80 | 0.061 |
| Puberty score | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.05 to 0.50 | *0.015 |
| Age | -0.66 | 0.35 | -1.35 to 0.02 | 0.057 |
| Weight | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.04 to 0.02 | 0.541 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.03 | 0.188 |
| Vertical jump | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.06 to 0.03 | 0.547 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.05 to 0.04 | 0.961 |
| NDI | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.05 | 0.148 |
| T66 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 168.54 | 67.93 | 35.40 to 301.69 | *0.013 |
| Sexb | 70.55 | 36.58 | -1.15 to 142.25 | 0.054 |
| Puberty score | -14.01 | 23.37 | -59.82 to 31.81 | 0.549 |
| Age | 136.09 | 53.60 | 31.04 to 241.14 | *0.011 |
| Height | -0.77 | 1.31 | -3.34 to 1.80 | 0.555 |
| Weight | -0.51 | 1.87 | -4.18 to 3.16 | 0.785 |
| 1 RM leg press | 2.70 | 1.07 | 0.61 to 4.79 | *0.011 |
| Vertical jump | -9.43 | 2.30 | -15.31 to -3.56 | *0.002 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.94 | 1.45 | -3.78 to 1.90 | 0.516 |
| NDI | 3.39 | 0.80 | 1.82 to 4.95 | *<0.001 |
| T66 Cortical density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -15.60 | 19.94 | -54.69 to 23.48 | 0.434 |
| Sexb | -48.27 | 12.69 | -73.14 to -23.40 | *<0.001 |
| Puberty score | -3.83 | 7.65 | -18.83 to 11.18 | 0.617 |
| Age | 15.79 | 23.52 | -30.31 to 61.89 | 0.502 |
| Height | -0.81 | 0.61 | -2.00 to 0.38 | 0.183 |
| Weight | 0.67 | 0.70 | -0.71 to 2.05 | 0.342 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.24 | 0.27 | -0.28 to 0.77 | 0.360 |
| Vertical jump | 2.89 | 1.57 | -0.20 to 5.97 | 0.067 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.20 | 0.65 | -1.06 to 1.47 | 0.753 |
| NDI | -1.03 | 0.45 | -1.92 to -0.14 | *0.023 |
| T66 Cortical density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.48 | 0.53 | -1.52 to 0.56 | 0.366 |
| Puberty score | 0.11 | 0.23 | -0.33 to 0.56 | 0.616 |
| Age | -0.41 | 0.61 | -1.60 to 0.79 | 0.506 |
| Weight | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.05 to 0.03 | 0.476 |
| 1RM leg press | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.03 | 0.339 |
| Vertical jump | 0.06 | 0.04 | -0.03 to 0.14 | 0.174 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.02 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.06 | 0.500 |
| NDI | -0.03 | 0.01 | -0.05 to -0.001 | *0.038 |
| T66 Cortical area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -27.02 | 19.80 | -65.84 to 15.96 | 0.799 |
| Sexb | -26.41 | 14.30 | -54.43 to 1.62 | 0.065 |
| Puberty score | -2.39 | 9.36 | -20.73 to 15.96 | 0.799 |
| Age | 16.62 | 32.85 | -47.76 to 81.00 | 0.613 |
| Height | 0.38 | 0.99 | -1.56 to 2.32 | 0.699 |
| Weight | 1.79 | 0.71 | 0.39 to 3.18 | *0.012 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.61 | 0.56 | -1.70 to 0.48 | 0.274 |
| Vertical jump | 2.80 | 1.03 | 0.79 to 4.81 | *0.006 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.12 | 0.80 | -1.37 to 1.62 | 0.874 |
| NDI | 0.57 | 0.50 | -0.93 to 1.04 | 0.910 |
| T66 Cortical area Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -1.02 | 0.75 | -2.48 to 0.44 | 0.172 |
| Puberty score | 0.29 | 0.31 | -0.33 to 0.90 | 0.360 |
| Age | -1.21 | 0.86 | -2.91 to 0.48 | 0.161 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.03 | -0.04 to 0.07 | 0.609 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.05 to 0.04 | 0.865 |
| Vertical jump | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 to 0.13 | *0.034 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.06 to 0.05 | 0.934 |
| NDI | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.05 | 0.735 |
| T66 Fracture load X3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 369.08 | 164.29 | 47.09 to 691.08 | *0.025 |
| Sexb | -270.67 | 312.20 | -882.57 to 341.23 | 0.386 |
| Puberty score | -81.70 | 96.43 | -270.70 to 107.31 | 0.397 |
| Age | 690.74 | 513.25 | -315.22 to 1696.69 | 0.178 |
| Height | 10.60 | 17.24 | -23.19 to 44.39 | 0.539 |
| Weight | 17.84 | 10.38 | -2.51 to 38.19 | 0.086 |
| 1 RM leg press | 7.99 | 7.54 | -6.79 to 22.77 | 0.289 |
| Vertical jump | 5.14 | 17.79 | -29.72 to 39.99 | 0.773 |
| Standing broad jump | 13.72 | 16.98 | -19.56 to 47.01 | 0.419 |
| NDI | 8.40 | 9.24 | -9.71 to 26.50 | 0.363 |
| T66 Fracture load Y3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 590.86 | 258.79 | 83.65 to 1098.07 | *0.022 |
| Sexb | -224.60 | 292.11 | -347.94 to 797.13 | 0.442 |
| Puberty score | 123.73 | 124.84 | -120.95 to 368.41 | 0.322 |
| Age | 409.16 | 521.97 | -613.88 to 1432.20 | 0.433 |
| Height | 12.97 | 17.80 | -21.92 to 47.85 | 0.466 |
| Weight | 0.52 | 13.19 | -25.33 to 26.38 | 0.968 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.32 | 6.63 | -13.32 to 12.68 | 0.962 |
| Vertical jump | -20.33 | 26.03 | -71.35 to 30.68 | 0.435 |
| Standing broad jump | 6.06 | 18.08 | -29.38 to 41.49 | 0.738 |
| NDI | 14.31 | 10.53 | -6.33 to 34.94 | 0.174 |
a
Where pre-intervention is the comparison group and β=1;
b
Where male is the comparison group and β=1.