Appendix A.
GEE modelling showing relationships between changes in bone health and potential mediators.
| β | SE | β 95% Confidence interval | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T4 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.09 | 0.10 | -0.29 to 0.10 | 0.348 |
| Sexb | 0.23 | 0.16 | -0.08 to 0.54 | 0.146 |
| Puberty score | -0.11 | 0.07 | -0.25 to 0.03 | 0.108 |
| Age | -0.02 | 0.13 | -0.27 to 0.23 | 0.870 |
| Height | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.00 to 0.03 | 0.122 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.056 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.01 | 0.844 |
| Vertical jump | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.05 | 0.074 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.694 |
| NDI | 0.00 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.01 | 0.701 |
| T4 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -54.02 | 22.68 | -98.47 to -9.57 | *0.017 |
| Sexb | 116.94 | 43.42 | 31.84 to 202.04 | *0.007 |
| Puberty score | -23.64 | 15.15 | -53.34 to 6.06 | 0.119 |
| Age | 20.28 | 39.61 | -57.36 to 97.91 | 0.609 |
| Height | 6.29 | 2.56 | 1.29 to 11.31 | *0.014 |
| Weight | -1.23 | 2.26 | -5.66 to 3.21 | 0.587 |
| 1 RM leg press | -1.09 | 0.83 | -2.72 to 0.53 | 0.188 |
| Vertical jump | 6.69 | 3.57 | -0.29 to 13.69 | 0.060 |
| Standing broad jump | -4.14 | 3.87 | -11.72 to 3.44 | 0.285 |
| NDI | 2.29 | 1.14 | 0.06 to 4.53 | *0.044 |
| T4 Total density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 4.23 | 6.13 | -7.79 to 16.25 | 0.490 |
| Sexb | -10.05 | 6.83 | -23.44 to 3.34 | 0.141 |
| Puberty score | -2.46 | 3.17 | -8.64 to 3.81 | 0.447 |
| Age | -7.56 | 5.76 | -18.86 to 3.74 | 0.190 |
| Height | -0.15 | 0.48 | -1.11 to 0.80 | 0.754 |
| Weight | 1.88 | 0.45 | 1.00 to 2.77 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.23 | 0.22 | -0.19 to 0.65 | 0.287 |
| Vertical jump | 0.33 | 0.27 | -0.99 to 1.66 | 0.624 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.79 | 0.45 | -0.08 to 1.66 | 0.076 |
| NDI | -0.64 | 0.32 | -1.25 to -0.02 | *0.044 |
| T4 Trabecular density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 5.67 | 8.61 | -11.21 to 22.55 | 0.510 |
| Sexb | 6.59 | 8.53 | -10.12 to 23.31 | 0.439 |
| Puberty score | -4.83 | 3.69 | -12.06 to 2.39 | 0.190 |
| Age | -15.53 | 7.18 | -29.60 to -1.47 | *0.030 |
| Height | 0.61 | 0.54 | -0.44 to 1.66 | 0.256 |
| Weight | 1.46 | 0.50 | 0.47 to 2.44 | *0.004 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.45 | 0.25 | -0.05 to 0.95 | 0.079 |
| Vertical jump | 0.89 | 0.94 | -0.95 to 2.75 | 0.341 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.06 | 0.69 | -1.42 to 1.29 | 0.929 |
| NDI | -0.69 | 0.32 | -1.32 to -0.08 | *0.028 |
| T4 Trabecular density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.72 | 0.81 | -0.87 to 2.32 | 0.374 |
| Puberty score | -0.28 | 0.22 | -0.70 to 0.14 | 0.190 |
| Age | -0.83 | 0.40 | -1.61 to -0.04 | *0.039 |
| Weight | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 to 0.09 | *0.016 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.03 | 0.02 | -0.01 to 0.06 | 0.105 |
| Vertical jump | 0.07 | 0.06 | -0.06 to 0.19 | 0.304 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.06 to 0.06 | 0.997 |
| NDI | -0.04 | 0.02 | -0.08 to 0.00 | *0.049 |
| T66 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.02 | 0.08 | -0.18 to 0.14 | 0.783 |
| Sexb | -0.40 | 0.17 | -0.74 to -0.07 | *0.019 |
| Puberty score | 0.00 | 0.06 | -0.13 to 0.12 | 0.949 |
| Age | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.25 to 0.91 | *<0.001 |
| Height | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.03 to 0.01 | 0.281 |
| Weight | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.03 | 0.357 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.01 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.00 | 0.137 |
| Vertical jump | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.03 | 0.373 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.03 to 0.01 | 0.302 |
| NDI | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.02 | *0.044 |
| T66 SSI | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 111.08 | 70.30 | -26.71 to 248.88 | 0.114 |
| Sexb | -180.33 | 135.79 | -446.48 to 85.82 | 0.184 |
| Puberty score | 10.32 | 46.17 | -80.17 to 100.80 | 0.823 |
| Age | 135.27 | 115.95 | -91.99 to 365.53 | 0.243 |
| Height | 0.86 | 9.47 | -17.71 to 19.43 | 0.928 |
| Weight | 9.57 | 6.34 | -2.86 to 21.99 | 0.131 |
| 1RM leg press | -3.28 | 3.02 | -9.19 to 2.63 | 0.277 |
| Vertical jump | 10.15 | 11.75 | -12.87 to 33.19 | 0.387 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.85 | 8.39 | -15.59 to 17.28 | 0.920 |
| NDI | 2.76 | 3.65 | -4.39 to 9.90 | 0.450 |
| T66 SSI Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.28 | 0.22 | -1.04 to 0.35 | 0.203 |
| Puberty score | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.30 to 0.38 | 0.824 |
| Age | -0.35 | 0.35 | -1.04 to 0.35 | 0.327 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.02 | -0.02 to 0.06 | 0.270 |
| 1RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.804 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.03 | -0.03 to 0.09 | 0.290 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.05 to 0.05 | 0.998 |
| NDI | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.03 | 0.909 |
| T66 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 37.08 | 33.62 | -28.81 to 102.98 | 0.270 |
| Sexb | 7.82 | 48.15 | -86.56 to 102.19 | 0.871 |
| Puberty score | -7.82 | 18.14 | -42.58 to 28.52 | 0.698 |
| Age | 51.29 | 38.33 | -23.82 to 126.41 | 0.181 |
| Height | -3.04 | 2.15 | -7.25 to 1.16 | 0.156 |
| Weight | 3.24 | 2.93 | -2.50 to 8.97 | 0.269 |
| 1RM leg press | -0.84 | 0.85 | -2.51 to 0.82 | 0.321 |
| Vertical jump | -1.85 | 3.22 | -8.16 to 4.46 | 0.566 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.34 | 2.32 | -4.88 to 4.21 | 0.885 |
| NDI | 1.48 | 1.69 | -1.84 to 4.79 | 0.382 |
| T66 Cortical density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -2.68 | 10.20 | -22.67 to 17.32 | 0.793 |
| Sexb | -39.82 | 10.61 | -60.62 to -19.02 | *<0.001 |
| Puberty score | -1.91 | 4.55 | -10.82 to 7.00 | 0.674 |
| Age | 13.32 | 8.34 | -3.04 to 29.67 | 0.110 |
| Height | -0.30 | 0.49 | -1.27 to 0.67 | 0.544 |
| Weight | 0.09 | 0.67 | -1.22 to 1.40 | 0.893 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.11 to 1.01 | *0.015 |
| Vertical jump | 1.71 | 1.26 | -0.76 to 4.18 | 0.175 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.10 | 0.67 | -1.41 to 1.22 | 0.888 |
| NDI | -0.55 | 0.49 | -1.52 to 0.42 | 0.267 |
| T66 Cortical density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.06 | 0.27 | -0.58 to 0.47 | 0.835 |
| Puberty score | 0.02 | 0.14 | -0.26 to 0.31 | 0.869 |
| Age | -0.06 | 0.26 | -0.46 to 0.57 | 0.831 |
| Weight | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.06 to 0.02 | 0.335 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 to 0.03 | *0.037 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.04 | -0.04 to 0.10 | 0.382 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.06 | 0.635 |
| NDI | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.04 to 0.01 | 0.246 |
| T66 Cortical area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -3.38 | 9.50 | -21.99 to 15.24 | 0.722 |
| Sexb | -27.19 | 16.82 | -60.17 to 5.78 | 0.106 |
| Puberty score | -2.48 | 7.70 | -17.57 to 12.62 | 0.748 |
| Age | 34.23 | 15.72 | 3.41 to 65.04 | *0.029 |
| Height | 0.60 | 1.16 | -1.68 to 2.88 | 0.607 |
| Weight | 0.66 | 0.92 | -1.14 to 2.46 | 0.473 |
| 1RM leg press | -0.21 | 0.36 | -0.91 to 0.49 | 0.557 |
| Vertical jump | 2.01 | 0.99 | 0.06 to 3.95 | *0.043 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.71 | 0.77 | -2.24 to 0.81 | 0.359 |
| NDI | 0.53 | 0.59 | -0.62 to 1.69 | 0.366 |
| T66 Cortical area Z-score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.16 | 0.31 | -0.77 to 0.45 | 0.613 |
| Puberty Score | -0.08 | 0.26 | -0.58 to 0.43 | 0.764 |
| Age | 0.16 | 0.52 | -0.86 to 1.18 | 0.758 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.03 | -0.04 to 0.08 | 0.597 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.03 | 0.655 |
| Vertical jump | 0.07 | 0.04 | -0.01 to 0.14 | 0.081 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.07 to 0.03 | 0.467 |
| NDI | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.05 | 0.736 |
| T66 Fracture load X3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 132.07 | 154.73 | -171.20 to 435.34 | 0.393 |
| Sexb | -766.77 | 338.21 | -1429.64 to -103.91 | *0.023 |
| Puberty score | -73.44 | 118.54 | -305.77 to 158.89 | 0.536 |
| Age | 606.97 | 316.71 | -13.78 to 1227.72 | 0.055 |
| Height | -4.25 | 22.52 | -48.39 to 39.89 | 0.850 |
| Weight | 26.64 | 15.23 | -3.21 to 56.48 | 0.080 |
| 1RM leg press | -7.92 | 6.75 | -21.15 to 5.30 | 0.240 |
| Vertical jump | 33.00 | 22.55 | -11.19 to 77.20 | 0.143 |
| Standing broad jump | 6.58 | 15.49 | -23.78 to 36.94 | 0.671 |
| NDI | 4.96 | 8.76 | -12.21 to 22.14 | 0.571 |
| T66 Fracture load Y3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 240.39 | 176.35 | -105.25 to 586.03 | 0.173 |
| Sexb | -150.89 | 243.10 | -627.37 to 325.58 | 0.535 |
| Puberty score | 113.34 | 96.31 | -75.42 to 302.11 | 0.239 |
| Age | 320.16 | 200.73 | -73.26 to 713.58 | 0.111 |
| Height | -1.02 | 16.40 | -33.17 to 31.13 | 0.950 |
| Weight | 14.01 | 10.79 | -7.14 to 35.17 | 0.194 |
| 1 RM leg press | -13.51 | 6.34 | -25.94 to -1.08 | *0.033 |
| Vertical jump | 4.21 | 23.18 | -41.23 to 49.66 | 0.856 |
| Standing broad jump | 3.49 | 16.42 | -28.69 to 35.67 | 0.832 |
| NDI | 10.53 | 8.64 | -6.41 to 27.46 | 0.223 |
a
Where pre-intervention is the comparison group and β=1;
b
Where male is the comparison group and β=1.