Appendix B.
GEE modelling showing relationships between changes in bone health and potential mediators with age2 included.
| β | SE | β 95% Confidence interval | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T4 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.04 | 0.09 | -0.14 to 0.22 | 0.636 |
| Sexb | 0.15 | 0.14 | -0.13 to 0.42 | 0.291 |
| Puberty score | -0.20 | 0.06 | -0.33 to -0.07 | *0.002 |
| Age | 5.54 | 1.33 | 2.94 to 8.14 | *<0.001 |
| Age2 | -0.19 | 0.05 | -0.28 to -0.10 | *<0.001 |
| Height | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.02 | 0.726 |
| Weight | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 to 0.05 | *0.003 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.250 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.05 | *0.018 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.933 |
| NDI | 0.00 | 0.004 | -0.01 to 0.004 | 0.414 |
| T4 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -24.39 | 21.88 | -67.28 to 18.50 | 0.265 |
| Sexb | 98.91 | 38.27 | 23.90 to 173.91 | *0.010 |
| Puberty score | -42.11 | 12.66 | -66.92 to -17.30 | *0.001 |
| Age | 1212.31 | 225.24 | 770.85 to 1653.76 | *<0.005 |
| Age2 | -40.32 | 7.01 | -54.06 to -26.59 | *<0.005 |
| Height | 3.89 | 2.62 | -1.25 to 9.02 | 0.138 |
| Weight | 0.58 | 2.04 | -3.42 to 4.58 | 0.776 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.66 | 0.74 | -2.10 to 0.79 | 0.372 |
| Vertical jump | 6.96 | 3.30 | 0.48 to 13.43 | *0.035 |
| Standing broad jump | -3.42 | 3.55 | -10.38 to 3.55 | 0.336 |
| NDI | 2.02 | 1.04 | -0.02 to 4.06 | 0.052 |
| T4 Total density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 8.76 | 6.30 | -3.58 to 21.10 | 0.164 |
| Sexb | -12.81 | 6.46 | -25.46 to -0.15 | *0.047 |
| Puberty score | -5.24 | 3.08 | -11.28 to 0.81 | 0.089 |
| Age | 174.66 | 89.32 | -0.42 to 349.73 | 0.051 |
| Age2 | -6.16 | 3.07 | -12.18 to -0.15 | *0.045 |
| Height | -0.52 | 0.41 | -1.32 to 0.28 | 0.201 |
| Weight | 2.17 | 0.46 | 1.26 to 3.07 | *<0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.30 | 0.19 | -0.07 to 0.66 | 0.110 |
| Vertical jump | 0.37 | 0.59 | -0.78 to 1.53 | 0.527 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.90 | 0.43 | 0.06 to 1.74 | *0.036 |
| NDI | -0.68 | 0.31 | -1.30 to -0.06 | *0.031 |
| T4 Trabecular density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 10.55 | 8.86 | -6.82 to 27.91 | 0.234 |
| Sexb | 3.63 | 8.96 | -13.94 to 21.19 | 0.686 |
| Puberty score | -7.87 | 4.11 | -15.94 to 0.19 | 0.056 |
| Age | 180.77 | 111.25 | -37.28 to 398.82 | 0.104 |
| Age2 | -6.64 | 3.73 | -13.96 to 0.68 | 0.075 |
| Height | 0.21 | 0.57 | -0.91 to 1.33 | 0.709 |
| Weight | 1.76 | 0.53 | 0.72 to 2.79 | *0.001 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.11 to 0.94 | *0.014 |
| Vertical jump | 0.94 | 0.82 | -0.67 to 2.55 | 0.253 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.06 | 0.66 | -1.23 to 1.35 | 0.930 |
| NDI | -0.74 | 0.32 | -1.37 to -0.11 | *0.021 |
| T4 Trabecular density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.91 | 0.82 | -0.70 to 2.52 | 0.268 |
| Puberty score | -0.40 | 0.24 | -0.86 to 0.07 | 0.094 |
| Age | 6.66 | 4.08 | -1.33 to 14.66 | 0.102 |
| Age2 | -0.26 | 0.14 | -0.53 to 0.01 | 0.060 |
| Weight | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 to 0.10 | *0.003 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 to 0.07 | 0.057 |
| Vertical jump | 0.07 | 0.06 | -0.0 to 0.19 | 0.288 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.01 | 0.03 | -0.05 to 0.07 | 0.822 |
| NDI | -0.04 | 0.02 | -0.08 to 0.00 | *0.034 |
| T66 Mass | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.10 | 0.08 | -0.07 to 0.26 | 0.243 |
| Sexb | -0.48 | 0.13 | -0.72 to -0.22 | *<0.001 |
| Puberty score | -0.08 | 0.06 | -0.20 to 0.04 | 0.184 |
| Age | 5.45 | 0.89 | 3.70 to 7.19 | *<0.001 |
| Age2 | -0.17 | 0.03 | -0.22 to -0.11 | *<0.001 |
| Height | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.04 to 0.01 | *0.007 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.03 | *0.048 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.003 | -0.01 to 0.003 | 0.243 |
| Vertical jump | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 to 0.03 | 0.355 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.01 | 0.507 |
| NDI | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.00 to 0.02 | *0.036 |
| T66 SSI | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 170.88 | 66.81 | 39.94 to 301.83 | *0.011 |
| Sexb | -216.73 | 124.13 | -460.02 to 26.57 | 0.081 |
| Puberty score | -29.96 | 48.34 | -121.71 to 67.79 | 0.577 |
| Age | 2541.25 | 982.46 | 615.66 to 4466.84 | *0.010 |
| Age2 | -81.38 | 31.96 | -144.02 to -18.75 | *0.011 |
| Height | -4.01 | 9.44 | -22.51 to 14.49 | 0.671 |
| Weight | 13.22 | 6.41 | 0.66 to 25.78 | *0.039 |
| 1 RM leg press | -2.41 | 3.21 | -8.70 to 3.88 | 0.454 |
| Vertical jump | 10.68 | 12.43 | -13.69 to 35.05 | 0.390 |
| Standing broad jump | 2.31 | 8.47 | -14.30 to 18.92 | 0.786 |
| NDI | 2.20 | 3.77 | -5.19 to 9.59 | 0.559 |
| T66 SSI Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.27 | 0.23 | -0.19 to 0.72 | 0.255 |
| Puberty score | 0.05 | 0.21 | -0.36 to 0.46 | 0.814 |
| Age | -1.03 | 4.53 | -9.91 to 7.85 | 0.820 |
| Age2 | 0.02 | 0.15 | -0.28 to 0.32 | 0.877 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.02 | -0.02 to 0.06 | 0.341 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.02 | 0.837 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.03 | -0.03 to 0.09 | 0.292 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.05 to 0.04 | 0.976 |
| NDI | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.04 | 0.899 |
| T66 Total area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 47.28 | 36.08 | -23.44 to 118.00 | 0.190 |
| Sexb | 1.61 | 46.52 | -89.56 to 92.78 | 0.972 |
| Puberty score | -13.39 | 18.20 | -49.05 to 22.28 | 0.462 |
| Age | 461.60 | 306.75 | -139.62 to 1062.82 | 0.132 |
| Age2 | -13.88 | 10.39 | -34.23 to 6.48 | 0.181 |
| Height | -3.88 | 2.16 | -8.10 to 0.35 | 0.072 |
| Weight | 3.86 | 3.07 | -2.15 to 9.87 | 0.208 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.70 | 0.84 | -2.34 to 0.95 | 0.409 |
| Vertical jump | -1.76 | 3.30 | -8.23 to 4.71 | 0.594 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.09 | 2.38 | -4.75 to 4.58 | 0.971 |
| NDI | 1.39 | 1.66 | -1.88 to 4.65 | 0.405 |
| T66 Cortical density | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 0.77 | 11.02 | -20.83 to 22.37 | 0.944 |
| Sexb | -41.92 | 9.50 | -60.54 to -23.29 | *<0.001 |
| Puberty score | -4.06 | 4.84 | -13.55 to 5.43 | 0.401 |
| Age | 152.09 | 79.73 | -4.17 to 308.35 | 0.056 |
| Age2 | -4.69 | 2.74 | -10.06 to 0.67 | 0.086 |
| Height | -0.58 | 0.42 | -1.41 to 0.25 | 0.171 |
| Weight | 0.30 | 0.67 | -1.02 to 1.62 | 0.655 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.15 to 1.07 | *0.010 |
| Vertical jump | 1.74 | 1.22 | -0.65 to 4.12 | 0.153 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.01 | 0.67 | -1.32 to 1.30 | 0.987 |
| NDI | -0.58 | 0.48 | -1.51 to 0.35 | 0.222 |
| T66 Cortical density Z score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.04 | 0.29 | -0.61 to 0.53 | 0.893 |
| Puberty score | 0.01 | 0.16 | -0.29 to 0.32 | 0.930 |
| Age | 0.72 | 2.45 | -4.08 to 5.51 | 0.770 |
| Age2 | -0.02 | 0.08 | -0.18 to 0.14 | 0.784 |
| Weight | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.06 to 0.02 | 0.364 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 to 0.03 | *0.034 |
| Vertical jump | 0.03 | 0.04 | -0.04 to 0.10 | 0.380 |
| Standing broad jump | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.03 to 0.06 | 0.621 |
| NDI | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.04 to 0.01 | 0.232 |
| T66 Cortical area | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 8.46 | 8.95 | -9.07 to 26.00 | 0.344 |
| Sexb | -34.40 | 12.77 | -59.43 to -9.37 | *0.007 |
| Puberty score | -9.86 | 6.79 | -23.17 to 3.45 | 0.147 |
| Age | 510.67 | 123.36 | 268.90 to 752.45 | *<0.001 |
| Age2 | -16.12 | 4.23 | -24.41 to -7.82 | *<0.001 |
| Height | -0.37 | 0.80 | -1.94 to 1.21 | 0.648 |
| Weight | 1.38 | 0.82 | -0.23 to 2.99 | 0.093 |
| 1 RM leg press | -0.04 | 0.32 | -0.66 to 0.59 | 0.911 |
| Vertical jump | 2.11 | 0.99 | 0.17 to 4.05 | *0.033 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.42 | 0.79 | -1.98 to 1.13 | 0.593 |
| NDI | 0.42 | 0.56 | -0.68 to 1.53 | 0.450 |
| T66 Cortical area Z-score | ||||
| Pre/Posta | -0.01 | 0.32 | -0.64 to 0.61 | 0.969 |
| Puberty Score | -0.17 | 0.28 | -0.71 to 0.38 | 0.549 |
| Age | 5.97 | 6.14 | -6.07 to 18.01 | 0.331 |
| Age2 | -0.20 | 0.21 | -0.61 to 0.21 | 0.340 |
| Weight | 0.02 | 0.03 | -0.05 to 0.09 | 0.515 |
| 1 RM leg press | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 to 0.03 | 0.463 |
| Vertical jump | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.00 to 0.14 | 0.065 |
| Standing broad jump | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.07 to 0.04 | 0.595 |
| NDI | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.04 to 0.05 | 0.833 |
| T66 Fracture load X3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 372.85 | 131.02 | 116.04 to 629.65 | *0.004 |
| Sexb | -913.33 | 266.30 | -1435.27 to -391.39 | *0.001 |
| Puberty score | -223.51 | 107.92 | -435.04 to -11.99 | *0.038 |
| Age | 1204.22 | 2129.87 | 6119.76 to 14468.68 | *<0.001 |
| Age2 | -327.68 | 68.88 | -462.67 to -192.68 | *<0.001 |
| Height | -23.86 | 19.92 | -62.90 to 15.19 | 0.231 |
| Weight | 41.35 | 14.03 | 13.86 to 68.84 | *0.003 |
| 1 RM leg press | -4.40 | 6.93 | -17.98 to 9.18 | 0.525 |
| Vertical jump | 35.11 | 25.48 | -14.83 to 85.05 | 0.168 |
| Standing broad jump | 12.45 | 16.27 | -19.44 to 44.34 | 0.444 |
| NDI | 2.73 | 7.84 | -12.63 to 18.09 | 0.728 |
| T66 Fracture load Y3N | ||||
| Pre/Posta | 304.03 | 184.08 | -56.77 to 664.83 | 0.099 |
| Sexb | -189.64 | 239.69 | -659.42 to 280.15 | 0.429 |
| Puberty score | 73.68 | 105.01 | -132.13 to 279.49 | 0.483 |
| Age | 2880.67 | 22225.56 | -1481.34 to 7242.68 | 0.196 |
| Age2 | -86.61 | 75.07 | -233.75 to 60.53 | 0.249 |
| Height | -6.20 | 16.06 | -37.69 to 25.28 | 0.699 |
| Weight | 17.90 | 12.12 | -5.86 to 41.66 | 0.140 |
| 1 RM leg press | -12.58 | 6.47 | -25.26 to 0.11 | 0.052 |
| Vertical jump | 4.77 | 24.19 | -42.64 to 52.18 | 0.844 |
| Standing broad jump | 5.04 | 16.55 | -27.39 to 37.47 | 0.761 |
| NDI | 9.94 | 8.70 | -7.12 to 26.99 | 0.254 |
a
Where pre-intervention is the comparison group and β=1;
b
Where male is the comparison group and β=1.